Fig. 5.

Virchow’s Triad represents a fundamental construct in which three components interact to establish an environment favoring or provoking thrombosis. They include abnormalities of the blood vessel wall or endothelial surface, altered blood flow and prothrombotic constituents within the circulating blood. In Covid-19-associated coagulopathy there is wide-scale endothelial cell inflammation and dysfunction, abnormal flow dynamics and activated platelets, high concentrations of von Willebrand Factor, cell free DNA, histones and viral RNA that collectively cause factor XI activation, thrombin generation and fibrin formation