FIGURE 1.

Phenological stages of (A) sprouting new culms and (B) leaf shedding and flushing on odd-year-old established culms. Incubation refers to the stage when shoots stay under the ground. In the meantime, leaves of odd-year-old culms remain on branches but turned to yellow. Culm-elongation refers to the stage when freshly sprouted culms grow above the ground and accomplish their height growth. During the stage, odd-year-old established culms shed old leaves and flush new leaves. Branch-development refers to the stage when the freshly sprouted culms accomplish branch growth, and in the same period, new leaves are expanding on the odd-year-old established culms. Leafing refers to the stage when freshly sprouted bamboo culms start flushing leaves while odd-year bamboo culms almost finish leaf expanding. Established refers to the stage when freshly sprouted bamboo culms finish their culm and leaf growth.