Table 2. Medications used for the management of HF in LMICs.
| References | Beta blocker (%) |
ACE inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker (%) | Loop diuretic (%) |
Aldosterone antagonists (%) | Digoxin (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Callender et al. (6), 2014 (LMICs) | |||||
| Africa (n=NR) | 25 | 70 | 73 | 46 | NA |
| Americas (n=NR) | 38 | 60 | 71 | 32 | NA |
| Eastern Mediterranean (n=NR) | 49 | 48 | 71 | 26 | NA |
| Europe (n=NR) | 29 | 64 | 71 | 41 | NA |
| South East Asia (n=NR) | 26 | 31 | 65 | 15 | NA |
| Western Pacific (n=NR) | 27 | 47 | 57 | 17 | NA |
| INTER-CHF, 2017 (LMICs) | |||||
| Africa (n=1,294) | 48 | 74 | 94 | 59 | 32 |
| South America (n=869) | 73 | 76 | 78 | 55 | 25 |
| India (n=858) | 57 | 68 | 81 | 47 | 25 |
| China (n=991) | 66 | 73 | 45 | 27 | 29 |
| South-East Asia (n=811) | 60 | 64 | 61 | 56 | 29 |
| Agbor et al. (3), 2018 (sub-Saharan Africa) (n=5,692) | 31.4 | 75.6 | 81.6 | 51.5 | 31.5 |
| China-HF, 2017 (China) (n=5,556) | 25.6 | 27.0 | 30.1 | 26.6 | 17.8 |
n, sample size; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported; HF, heart failure; LMICs, low- and middle-income countries; INTER-CHF, International Congestive Heart Failure Study.