Table 2.

Health opportunity costs and cost-effectiveness thresholds estimated using health spending elasticities for age-standardized crude death rate^a

	Elasticityb	Average CLE	Deaths averted	YLL Averted	YLD Averted	DALYs Averted
Age-standardised population average	−0.223**	32.66	1047	34 177	5878	40 055
Cost-effectiveness threshold	Cost per DALY averted	Cost per YLL averted	Cost per death averted
ZAR	38 465.46	45 081.36	1 472 262.41
USDc	3 014.77	3 533.30	115 340.56
%GDP per capitad	53%

^aA full list of data inputs used in estimating cost per DALYs/YLL/Deaths averted is presented in Table 1A of the Appendix.

^bElasticity estimated using a fixed effect estimation approach for long panel data. Control variables include GDP per capita, HIV prevalence, medical aid coverage, primary healthcare and hospital service utilization rates, proportion of the population: living in urban areas, with a higher education, with access to safe drinking water and sanitation and proportion of female and male population over the age of 50 years.

^cUSD-ZAR Exchange rate = ZAR 12.76/USD.

^d2015 GDP per capita = USD 5700.

^**p<0.05.

CLE = conditional life expectancy, YLL = years of life lost, YLD = years lived with disability, DALY = disability –adjusted life year.