Table 2.
Temperament: Overview of studies of temperament and PVS function.
| First Author, Year | Predictor | PVS Measure | Sample Size (N) | Sample Gender (% Female) | Age Range or M (Years) | PVS Finding | Estimated Effect Size (r) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child and Adolescent Studies | |||||||
| Kessel, 2017 | Observed PE at age 6 | LPP to pleasant images at age 9 | 340 | 46 | M = 6.6 (SD = 0.5); follow up: M = 9.1, (SD = 0.4) | Early PE predicted enhanced LPP | .11 |
| Kujawa, 2015a | Observed PE at age 3, self-reported PE at age 9 | RewP to reward feedback | 381 | 45 | M = 3.6 (SD = 0.3); M = 9.2 (SD = 0.4) | Both measures of PE positively predicted RewP | .11−.12 |
| Speed, 2015 | Self-reported E, PE, N | LPP to pleasant images | 523 | 100 | 13.5−15.5 | E and PE positively associated with LPP | .10−.14 |
| Speed, 2018 | Self-reported PE, N | RewP to reward feedback | 508 | 100 | 13.5−15.5 | PE positively associated with ΔRewP at low and average N | .09−.12 |
| Adult Studies | |||||||
| Beaver, 2006 | Self-reported BAS | BOLD response to images of appetizing food | 12 | 58 | M = 22.0 (SD = 2.4) | BAS positively correlated with VS | .80 |
| Canli, 2001 | Self-reported E | BOLD response to pleasant images | 14 | 100 | 19−42 | E positively correlated with striatum | .82−.86 |
| Cohen, 2005 | Self-reported E | BOLD response to reward anticipation, feedback | S1: 17; S2: 16 | S2: 44 | S2: 20−27 | E positively correlated with VS to reward feedback | .56−.61 |
| Cooper, 2014 | Self-reported E | ERP response to reward feedback | 38 | 47 | 19−42 | E positively correlated with RewP | .36 |
| Geaney, 2015 | Self-reported BAS | Effort expended for rewards | 97 | 59 | 18−44 | BAS positively correlated with effort to obtain reward | --- |
| Haas, 2006 | Self-reported E, facets | BOLD response to positive words | 26 | 54 | 18−28 | E associated with ACC, but not with striatum | --- |
| Hahn, 2011 | Self-reported reward sensitivity | BOLD response to reward anticipation | 53 | 55 | 18−47 | Reward sensitivity positively correlated with VS | .39 |
| Hutcherson, 2008 | Self-reported E | BOLD response to amusing films | 28 | 100 | 18−21 | E negatively correlated with VS | .67−.71 |
| Kehoe, 2012 | Self-reported E, N | BOLD response to pleasant images | 23 | 100 | 19−29 | No effect on striatum | --- |
| Lange, 2012 | Self-reported BAS | RewP to feedback in an extinction learning task | 85 | 41 | 20−29 | BAS correlated with RewP following change from reward to non-reward | .22−.26 |
| Mobbs, 2005 | Self-reported E, N | BOLD response to positive cartoons | 17 | 47 | M = 22.8 (SD = 1.9) | No effect of E, N on striatum | --- |
| Mueller, 2014b | Self-reported E | RewP response to positive feedback (placebo vs. sulpiride) | 86 | 100 | 18−31 | E marginally predicted RewP in placebo group | .30 |
| Rapp, 2008 | Self-reported trait cheerfulness | BOLD response to positive cartoons | 10 | 100 | --- | No effect of cheerfulness on VS | --- |
| Schaefer, 2011 | Self-reported E, N | BOLD response to chocolate brand images | 12 | 42 | 21−31 | E associated with ↓ VS; N associated with ↑ VS | .54−.71 |
| Schweckendiek, 2016 | Self-reported E, N | BOLD response during reward learning | 20 | 50 | 19−33 | No effect of E on striatum | --- |
| Simon, 2010 | Self-reported BAS | BOLD response to reward anticipation, feedback | 24 | 54 | M = 24.8 (SD = 3.2) | BAS positively correlated with VS to reward feedback | .44 |
| Smillie, 2011 | Self-reported E | RewP to reward feedback | 30 | 47 | M = 23.4 (SD = 5.1) | E positively correlated with RewP | .46 |
| Suslow, 2010 | Self-reported E, implicit IAT E | BOLD response to happy faces | 30 | 100 | M = 23.0 (SD = 1.8) | No effect of E on striatum | --- |
| Weinberg, 2018 | Self-reported PE | LPP to rewarding images | 205 | 77 | M = 19.3 (SD = 1.8) | Low PE predicted ↓ LPP | .17 |
| Wu, 2014 | Self-reported trait positive/negative arousal | BOLD response to reward anticipation | 52 | 56 | 21−75 | PE positively correlated with VS | .31 |
Note: ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; BAS = behavioral activation system; BOLD = blood oxygen level dependent; E = extraversion; ERP = event-related potentials; IAT = Implicit Association Test; LPP = late positive potential; mPFC = medial prefrontal cortex; N = neuroticism; PE = positive emotionality; RewP = reward positivity; VS = ventral striatum; Δ = change.