Table 2.
The applications of molecular contrast agents MRI in IBD-related model.
| NPs | Material | Field strength | Sequences | Enhancementa | Administration | Procedures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MNPs | Ferumoxides [9] | 9.4 T | T1WI | Intestinal wall T1WI (↓) | iv | Long enhancement sustained time, quantitative analysis |
| SHU 555C [10] | 2.4 T | T1WI, T2WI, T2∗ | Mucosa T1WI (↑), deep colon wall T1WI (↓) &T2WI (↓) | iv | Quantitative analysis | |
| Nanotex [11] | 7 T | T1WI | Colon wall T1WI (↓) | iv | Integration of diagnosis and treatment | |
| CN-ICG-IO [12] | 3 T | T2WI | NAb | po | Oral administration, potential to monitor inflammation and targeted delivery | |
|
| ||||||
| Gd-related NPs | Gd-FITC-SLN [13] | 3.0 T | T1WI | Focal lesion T1WI (↑) |
pr | Targeted imaging through intestinal absorption, low Gd deposition, quickly metabolized |
| Gd in chitosan nanoparticles [14] | 3.0 T | T1W | Mucosa T1WI (↑)b | pr | Targeted imaging through intestinal absorption, low Gd deposition | |
| PEG-coated Gd in PBNPs [15] | 1.5 T | T1WI | NAb | po | Potential to monitor inflammation or targeted delivery, low Gd deposition, oral administration | |
|
| ||||||
| PFC | PFC emulsion [16] | 11.7 T | T1WI | Special19F signal in focal lesion | iv | Quantitative analysis; not affected by bowel movements or the existence of air pocket |
CN-ICG-IO, casein-coated indocyanine green-loaded iron oxide nanoparticle; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; Gd, gadolinium; iv, intravenously; MNPs, magnetic nanoparticles; NA, not available; NPs, nanoparticles; PBNPs, Prussian blue nanoparticles; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PFC, perfluorocarbon; po, per os; pr, per rectum; T1WI, T1-weighted image; T2WI, T2-weighted image. Notes: aMNPs have both T1W and T2W effect, and these show the major effect with suitable dose in corresponding experiments; bhealthy animals were used in the experiment; (↑) signal increased; (↓) signal decreased.