Table 2.
Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.
| First Author, Year | Study | Country | Recruitment Period/Follow-up Period | Exposure Assessment | Exposure | Outcome | Cases/total Participants | Adjusted Variables |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nomura A et al., 1990 [35] a | Honolulu Hearth Program (HHP) | US (Japanese ancestry) | 1965–1968/ Average 10.6 years | 20-item FFQ | Pickles | Incidence | 150/7990 | Age |
| Kneller RW et al., 1991 [33] b | Lutheran Brotherhood Insurance Society (LBS) | US | 1966/20 years | 35-item FFQ | Salted fish | Mortality | 72/17,633 | Year of birth and current cigarette smoking |
| Kato I et al., 1992 [36] c | Hospital-based Epidemiologic Research Program at Aichi Cancer Center (HERPACC) | Japan | 1985–1989/4.4 years | 10-item questionnaire | Pickles | Incidence | 45/3914 | Sex, age, and residence |
| Kato I et al., 1992 [37] a | Higashi-Kamo Cohort | Japan | 1985/ Until 1991 | 25-item questionnaire | Pickles | Mortality | 57/9753 | Age and sex |
| Inoue M et al., 1996 [38] b | Hospital-based Epidemiologic Research Program at Aichi Cancer Center (HERPACC) | Japan | 1985–1989/ Until 1995 | FFQ | Pickled vegetables, salted or dried fish | Incidence | 69/5373 | Gender and age |
| Galanis DJ et al., 1998 [39] a | Hawaii Department of Health Survey | US (Japanese ancestry) | 1975–1980/14.8 years | FFQ | Pickled vegetables, dried or salted fish | Incidence | 108/11,907 | Age, years of education, Japanese place of birth, and gender (in combined analysis) |
| Knekt P et al., 1999 [40] b | Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey (FMCHES) | Finland | 1966–1972/24 years | Dietary history interview | Smoked and salted fish | Incidence | 68/9985 | Sex, age, municipality, smoking, and energy intake |
| Ngoan LT et al., 2002 [41] a | Miyako Study | Japan | 1986–1989/ Until 1999 | 25-item FFQ | Pickled food, processed fish | Mortality | 59/7483 | Age, sex, smoking, processed meat, liver, cooking or salad oil, suimono |
| Khan MMH et al., 2004 [42] b | Hokkaido Cohort | Japan | 1984–1985/ Until 2002 | FFQ | Japanese pickle, salty fish | Mortality | 51/3158 | Men: Age and smoking Women: Age, health status, health education, health screening, and smoking |
| Tsugane S et al., 2004 [43] d | The Japan Public Health Center-based prospective Study (JPHC I and II) | Japan | 1990/ Until 2001 | FFQ | Pickled vegetables, dried or salted fish | Incidence | 486/39,065 | Age in 1990, cigarette smoking, and fruit and non-green-yellow vegetable intake, quartile categories of salt intake, and stratified by PHC area |
| Wong B et al., 2004 [44] b | Changle County Helicobacter Trial (CCHT) | China | 1994/ Until 2002 | FFQ | Preserved vegetables, salty fish | Incidence | 18/1630 | N/A |
| Sauvaget C et al., 2005 [45] a | Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) | Japan | Men: 1978–1980; Women: 19781981–/20 years | 22-item FFQ | Pickles | Incidence | 1270/ 38,576 | Age, sex, city, radiation dose, sex-specific smoking habit and education |
| Iso H et al., 2007 [46] a | The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study (JACC) | Japan | 1988–1990/ Until 2003 | FFQ | Pickles, dried or salted fish | Mortality | 1076/ 101,190 | Age and area of study |
| Takachi R et al., 2010 [47] a | The Japan Public Health Center-based prospective Study (JPHC I and II) | Japan | 1990 (JPHC I); 1993 (JPHC II)/ Until 2004 |
138-item FFQ | Pickled vegetables, dried and salted fish | Incidence | 876/77,500 | Sex, age, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity in metabolic equivalent task-hours/d, and quintiles of energy, potassium, and calcium |
| Tran GD et al., 2005 [48] b | Linxian General Population Trial Cohort (NIT) | China | 1984/ Until 2001 | 9-item FFQ | Pickled vegetables | Incidence (gastric cardia cancer) | 1089/29,584 | Age and gender |
| Incidence (gastric non-cardia cancer) | 363/29,584 |
Abbreviation: FFQ, Food Frequency Questionnaire. a Studies included in both dose-response and categorical meta-analysis. b Studies included in categorical meta-analysis only. c Studies included in dose-response meta-analysis only. d Study included instead of Takachi R et al. [47] when conducting subgroup analysis by sex.