Figure 3.

Common pathways of anticancer drug-induced cardiotoxicity, as well as microRNA biomarkers, which are relevant for the development of heart failure. Pathways were identified applying the in vitro cardiotoxicity system as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. As determined from in vivo animal studies [23,24], anthracyclines and ETP elicit cardiotoxic effects via reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced apoptosis, mitochondria damage, and inflammation (upregulation of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15)) in hCMs [37,38,39,41].