Table 1.
Baseline characteristics for all patients included in the study.
| GPS | Overall Study Group (n = 224) |
Group I GPS 0 (n = 95) |
Group II GPS 1 (n = 66) |
Group III GPS 2 (n = 63) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male/female | 130 (58.0%)/94 (42.0%) | 52 (54.7%)/43 (45.3%) | 43 (65.2%)/23 (34.8%) | 36 (57.1%)/27 (42.9%) |
| Median age (range), years | 59 (35–76) | 62 (35–76) | 59 (39–72) | 57 (38–74) |
| BMI (median, range) |
25.35 (16.85–44.75) |
24.98 (17.04–37.72) |
25.39 (19.12–42.97) |
25.40 (16.85–44.75) |
| ECOG PS | ||||
| 0–2 | 140 (62.5%) | 79 (83.2%) | 46 (69.7%) | 36 (57.1%) |
| 3 + 4 | 84 (37.5%) | 16 (16.8%) | 20 (30.3%) | 27 (42.9%) |
| CCI (median, range) |
5 (2–12) | 4 (2–8) | 4 (2–10) | 6 (2–12) |
| HCT-CI (median, range) |
2 (0–9) | 2 (0–9) | 2 (0–9) | 2 (0–7) |
| CRAB criteria | ||||
| - Calcium elev. | 31 | 8 | 10 | 13 |
| - Renal failure | 53 | 11 | 19 | 23 |
| - Anaemia | 61 | 12 | 19 | 30 |
| - Bone lesions | 195 | 83 | 58 | 54 |
| LDH level | ||||
| <240 U/L | 142 (63.4%) | 78 (82.1%) | 38 (57.6%) | 26 (41.3%) |
| >240 U/L | 82 (36.6%) | 17 (17.9%) | 28 (42.4%) | 37 (58.7%) |
| Albumin (g/L) (median, range) |
37.9 (15.0–51.7) | 40.6 (35.1–51.7) | 30.9 (18.7–47.2) | 28.1 (15.0–34.1) |
| >35 g/L | 127 (56.7%) | 95 (100.0%) | 32 (48.5%) | – |
| <35 g/L | 97 (43.3%) | – | 34 (51.5%) | 63 (100%) |
| CRP (mg/dL) (median, range) |
7.9 (0.1–377.0) | 3.7 (0.1–9.9) | 19.6 (0.4–243.0) | 67.3 (11.2–377.0) |
| <10 mg/dL | 134 (59.8%) | 95 (100.0%) | 39 (59.1%) | – |
| >10 mg/dL | 90 (40.2%) | – | 27 (40.9%) | 63 (100%) |
| Durie–Salmon stage (at diagnosis) | ||||
| I + II | 77 (34.4%) | 34 (35.8%) | 24 (36.4%) | 19 (30.2%) |
| III | 147 (65.6%) | 61 (64.2%) | 42 (63.6%) | 44 (69.8%) |
| ISS (at diagnosis) | ||||
| I | 121 (54.0%) | 68 (71.6%) | 30 (45.5%) | 23 (36.5%) |
| II | 63 (28.1%) | 21 (22.1%) | 19 (28.8%) | 23 (36.5%) |
| III | 40 (17.9%) | 6 (6.3%) | 17 (25.7%) | 17 (27.0%) |
| R-ISS (at diagnosis) | ||||
| I | 78 (34.8%) | 44 (46.3%) | 20 (30.3%) | 14 (22.2%) |
| II | 115 (51.4%) | 48 (50.5%) | 34 (51.5%) | 33 (52.4%) |
| III | 31 (13.8%) | 3 (3.2%) | 12 (18.2%) | 16 (25.4%) |
| Monoclonal component | ||||
| IgG | 142 (63.4%) | 61 (64.2%) | 39 (59.1%) | 42 (66.7%) |
| IgA | 40 (17.9%) | 20 (21.1%) | 9 (13.6%) | 11 (17.5%) |
| IgD/IgE | 1 (0.4%) | – | – | 1 (1.6%) |
| FLC only | 41 (18.3%) | 14 (14.7%) | 18 (27.3%) | 9 (14.2%) |
| FLC subtype | ||||
| - Kappa | 149 (66.5%) | 66 (69.5%) | 46 (69.7%) | 37 (58.7%) |
| - Lambda | 75 (33.5%) | 29 (30.5%) | 20 (30.3%) | 26 (41.3%) |
| High-risk cytogenetic changes * | 85 (37.9%) | 30 (31.6%) | 24 (36.4%) | 31 (49.2%) |
| - 17p-del | 45 (20.1%) | 15 (15.8%) | 15 (22.7%) | 15 (23.8%) |
| - t(4;14) | 33 (14.7%) | 13 (13.7%) | 8 (12.1%) | 12 (19.0%) |
| - t(14;16) | 27 (10.7%) | 10 (10.5%) | 5 (7.6%) | 12 (19.0%) |
| - t(14;20) | 19 (8.5%) | 3 (3.1%) | 6 (9.1%) | 10 (15.9%) |
| - CKt | 38 (16.9%) | 11 (11.6%) | 8 (12.1%) | 17 (26.9%) |
CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status; FLC, free light chain; ISS, International Staging System; R, revised, R-ISS, Revised International Staging System; * High-risk cytogenetic changes include t(4;14), t(14;16), t(14;20), deletion 17p, and complex karyotype abnormalities (CKt).