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. 2020 Apr 5;10(4):556. doi: 10.3390/biom10040556

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of TRF on the retinal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in rats with STZ-induced diabetes is presented using box and whisker plots. Boxes show median, lower quartile, and upper quartile, whereas whiskers show the data variability outside the upper and lower quartiles. Rats were treated by (A) oral and (B) topical routes over 12 weeks of experimental period NO: Normal rats with oral vehicle treatment, DVO: Diabetic rats with oral vehicle treatment, DTO: Diabetic rats with oral TRF treatment. NE: Normal rats with topical vehicle treatment, DVE: Diabetic rats with topical vehicle treatment, DTE: Diabetic rats with topical TRF treatment, n = 6; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.