Figure 3.

The pseudoword version of stimuli in Experiment 2. Blue and orange shades represent the main clause and the subordinate clause, respectively. Ending markers (an AEM or a CEM) are shown as “Ending” only after the first verb for easy explanation here. Case markers attached to each subject, object, and verb were shown throughout the actual experiment. Dotted arrows indicate the RC. Brackets surrounding the subordinate clause indicate the CE. Construction of every condition was identical to that of Figure 2. Pseudowords did not provide participants with cues for a constituent—whether the word was a noun or a verb. Therefore, they could only infer the syntactic role of the pseudowords by case markers or ending markers attached to the pseudowords. Here we have provided English pseudowords with four letters to aid understanding of the stimuli. In the actual experiment, we used Korean two-syllable pseudowords. Abbreviations: RC (relative clause), CE (center embedding), AEM (adnominalizing ending marker), CEM (conjunctive ending marker), NOM (nominative case marker), ACC (accusative case marker).