Table 2.
Demographics and characteristics of trauma patients according to the hospital ranking (hospital performance)
| Hospital outlier status | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-mortality | Average-mortality | High-mortality | P value | |
| Number of institutions | 39 | 72 | 40 | |
| Number of patients | 37,073 | 102,368 | 44,773 | |
| Age | 65 (45–80) | 65 (44–79) | 64 (42–79) | < 0.01 |
| Sex (male) | 22,343 (60.3) | 61,702 (60.3) | 27,038 (60.4) | 0.90 |
| Type of injury | ||||
| Blunt (vs. penetrate) | 35,983 (97.1) | 99,391 (97.1) | 43,340 (96.8) | < 0.01 |
| AIS (≥ 3) | ||||
| Head | 10,570 (28.5) | 31,627 (30.9) | 13,956 (31.2) | < 0.01 |
| Face | 389 (1.1) | 758 (0.7) | 250 (0.6) | < 0.01 |
| Neck | 178 (0.5) | 398 (0.4) | 149 (0.3) | < 0.01 |
| Thorax | 8268 (22.3) | 22,635 (22.1) | 9619 (21.5) | < 0.01 |
| Abdomen and pelvis | 2111 (5.7) | 6067 (5.9) | 2326 (5.2) | < 0.01 |
| Spine | 4286 (11.6) | 11,048 (10.8) | 4228 (9.4) | < 0.01 |
| Upper extremity | 2150 (5.8) | 5917 (5.8) | 1907 (4.3) | < 0.01 |
| Lower extremity | 11,300 (30.5) | 34,763 (34.0) | 15,289 (34.2) | < 0.01 |
| Body surface | 16 (0.04) | 60 (0.1) | 32 (0.1) | 0.25 |
| ISS | 11 (9–20) | 11 (9–19) | 10 (9–18) | < 0.01 |
| Vital signs at arrival | ||||
| GCS | 15 (14–15) | 15 (14–15) | 15 (14–15) | < 0.01 |
| SBP | 137 (118–157) | 138 (119–158) | 139 (119–160) | < 0.01 |
| HR | 82 (71–95) | 82 (72–95) | 83 (72–96) | < 0.01 |
| RR | 20 (17–24) | 20 (17–24) | 20 (18–24) | < 0.01 |
| BT | 36.5 (36–37) | 36.5 (36–37) | 36.5 (36–37) | < 0.01 |
| Alcohol | 2803 (12.0) | 9386 (14.2) | 4638 (15.0) | < 0.01 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Ischemic heart diseases | 1620 (4.4) | 4281 (4.2) | 1702 (3.8) | < 0.01 |
| Heart failure | 1180 (3.2) | 2322 (2.3) | 966 (2.2) | < 0.01 |
| Hypertension | 9970 (26.9) | 26,083 (25.5) | 10,983 (24.5) | < 0.01 |
| Other cardiac diseases | 1582 (4.3) | 4995 (4.9) | 2143 (4.8) | < 0.01 |
| Asthma | 1044 (2.8) | 3152 (3.1) | 1388 (3.1) | < 0.01 |
| COPD | 243 (0.7) | 746 (0.7) | 310 (0.7) | 0.329 |
| Other chronic lung diseases | 448 (1.2) | 1018 (1.0) | 505 (1.1) | < 0.01 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 267 (0.7) | 728 (0.7) | 366 (0.8) | 0.08 |
| Chronic hepatitis | 596 (1.6) | 1376 (1.3) | 645 (1.4) | < 0.01 |
| Peptic ulcer | 530 (1.4) | 2357 (2.3) | 911 (2.0) | < 0.01 |
| Inflammatory bowel diseases | 253 (0.7) | 676 (0.7) | 170 (0.4) | < 0.01 |
| Other gastrointestinal diseases | 1568 (4.2) | 3878 (3.8) | 1637 (3.7) | < 0.01 |
| DM | 4152 (11.2) | 11,207 (11.0) | 4856 (10.9) | 0.25 |
| Obesity | 47 (0.1) | 108 (0.1) | 71 (0.2) | 0.03 |
| Other metabolic diseases | 1113 (3.0) | 3342 (3.3) | 1372 (3.1) | 0.02 |
| Stroke | 2260 (6.1) | 6243 (6.1) | 2291 (5.1) | < 0.01 |
| Psychiatric disease | 1888 (5.1) | 5600 (5.5) | 3039 (6.8) | < 0.01 |
| Dementia | 2550 (6.9) | 6771 (6.6) | 2867 (6.4) | 0.03 |
| Other neurological diseases | 834 (2.3) | 2922 (2.9) | 1287 (2.9) | < 0.01 |
| HIV | 8 (0.02) | 22 (0.02) | 6 (0.01) | 0.57 |
| Malignancies | 875 (2.4) | 2770 (2.7) | 877 (2.0) | < 0.01 |
| Hematological diseases | 89 (0.2) | 350 (0.3) | 121 (0.3) | < 0.01 |
| Chronic renal failure or HD | 516 (1.4) | 2452 (2.4) | 507 (1.1) | < 0.01 |
| Pregnancy | 14 (0.04) | 41 (0.04) | 20 (0.04) | 0.88 |
| Others | 1384 (3.7) | 4750 (4.6) | 2404 (5.4) | < 0.01 |
| Steroid use | 650 (1.8) | 1629 (1.6) | 658 (1.5) | < 0.01 |
| Immunosuppressant use | 170 (0.5) | 358 (0.4) | 119 (0.3) | < 0.01 |
| Anticoagulant use | 73 (0.2) | 135 (0.1) | 36 (01) | < 0.01 |
| Previous healthy (no comorbidities reported) | 16,893 (45.6) | 45,356 (44.3) | 20,037 (44.8) | < 0.01 |
Missing data: gender = 45, GCS = 14,509, SBP = 2705, HR = 6523, RR = 25,223, BT = 19,734, alcohol = 63,683
AIS abbreviated injury scale, ISS injury severity score, GCS Glasgow coma scale, SBP systolic blood pressure, HR heart rate, RR respiratory rate, BT body temperature, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, DM diabetes mellitus, HIV human immunodeficiency virus; hemodialysis