Figure 1.

Organoids establishment from different cell sources and their downstream applications. Organoids can be originated from different sources: ESCs, ASCs, iPSCs and primary tissue. The embedding of these cells in a basal membrane (BM), mostly represented by Matrigel, with appropriate growth factors has been reported to give rise to cholangiocytes [9] intestinal [3], hepatobiliary [10] organoids and lung [7]. For the capability to recapitulate 3D architecture, genotype and the histomorphology of the in vivo counterpart these constructs can be exploited for (a) disease modelling, (b) drug screening and precision medicine. Given their genome stability and the possibility to establish an organotypic culture with patient cells, organoids also showed to be a promising tissue source for regenerative medicine (c).