Table 1.
Viral proteins that interact with CUL4-DDB1: Proteins encoded by several viruses interact directly with CUL4-DDB1 and benefit virus replication. For example, several paramyxoviridae express V proteins that target signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins for degradation via CUL4-DDB1 to inactivate the innate immune response. Other viral proteins and the cellular functions targeted are also listed. Table modified with permission from Reference [19].
| Virus Family | Virus (Protein) | Pathway Affected | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paramyxoviridae | SV5 a (V) | Innate immunity | [41] |
| HPIV2 b (V) | Innate immunity; cell cycle | [49] | |
| Mumps (V) | Innate immunity | [40] | |
| Hepadnaviridae | HBV c (HBx) WHV d (WHx) |
Degrades SMC5/6 Unknown |
[13,14] |
| Retroviridae | HIV-1 e (Vpr) | Cell cycle | [42,50,51] |
| HIV-2 f (Vpx) | Cell cycle | [52] | |
| Flaviviridae | HCV g (BS3/4A) | Cleaves DDB1 | [53] |
| Herpesviridae | M-γHV68 h (M2) | Inhibits apoptosis | [54] |
| EBV i (BPLF1) | Cell cycle | [55] | |
| Bovine Herpes (VP8) MCMV j (pM27) |
Unknown Innate immunity |
[56] [57] |
a SV5, simian virus 5; b HPIV2, human parainfluenza virus 2; c HBV, hepatitis B virus; d WHV, woodchuck hepatitis virus; e HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1; f HIV-2, human immunodeficiency virus type 2; g HCV, hepatitis C virus; h M-γHV68, murine gamma herpesvirus 68; i EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; j MCMV, mouse cytomegalovirus.