Table 1.
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) expression in childhood solid tumors.
| CS-Modified PG | Cancer Type | Function |
|---|---|---|
| NCAN | Neuroblastoma | Promotes cell division, undifferentiated state and malignant phenotypes [82] Provides a growth advantage to cancer cells [82] |
| Versican | Osteosarcoma [103] Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) [89] |
Involves in TGFß - induced cell migration and invasion [103] Relevant marker of osteosarcoma progression [103] Potential target in cancer treatment [103] Function is unknown in GBM [89] |
| Decorin | Osteosarcoma [104] | Necessary for MG63 cell migration [104] Counteracts the growth-limiting effects of TGF-β2 [104] |
| CSPG4 | Osteosarcoma [87] Rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) [88] Medulloblastoma [105] Neuroblastoma [105] Childhood diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma [86] GBM [86,89] Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNETs) [86,93] |
Correlates with shorter survival in osteosarcoma [87] Therapeutic option for the combination treatment of RMS [88] Potential target for immunotherapy [87,89,105] Impairs terminal differentiation [86] Increases the invasive and migratory capabilities of glioma cells by facilitating interactions with extracellular matrix proteins [86] Facilitates angiogenesis by sequestering angiostatin [86] Increases tumor growth [86] Potential therapeutic target for treating childhood CNS cancers [86,89] |
| CD44 | GBM [89,106] | High CD44 expression identifies GBM with particular poor survival chance Promotes aggressive GBM growth [106] |
| PTPRZ1 | GBM [89,94] | Potential anti-cancer targets in GBM [89,94] Plays critical role in GBM cell migration [94] |
| APLP2 | GBM [89] Ewing sarcoma [95] |
Function is unknown in GBM [89] Anti-apoptotic function within Ewing sarcoma cells [95] |
| Syndecan-1 | Glioma [89,101] | Correlates with the advanced clinicopathological features and lower survival rate [101] |
| Glypican 3 | Hepatoblastoma Wilms tumor Rhabdomyosarcoma Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors |
Potential candidate for targeted therapies [98] |
| Glypican 5 | Rhabdomyosarcoma | Facilitates growth factor signaling Increases cell proliferation Potential target for therapeutic approaches [100] |
| Testican-1 | GBM [89] | Unknown |
| Neuropilin-1 | Osteosarcoma [107] Neuroblastoma [108] GBM [89] |
Regulates metastasis potency [107] Correlates with poor response to chemotherapy [107] Correlates with poor prognosis for osteosarcoma patients [107] Regulates angiogenesis [107,108] Increases tumor growth [108] Function is unknown in GBM [89] |