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. 2020 Apr 2;9(4):858. doi: 10.3390/cells9040858

Figure 8.

Figure 8

Effect of the natural sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene (50 µM), doxorubicin (20 µM) and their combination compared the control on the intracellular oxidative stress in Mz-ChA-1 cholangiocarcinoma cells. The cells were treated for 2 h and 24 h, then the pellets were harvested for the subsequent analysis. (A) Bar graphs representing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as detected by the 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay. Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of at least two independent replicates. (B) Bar graphs representing the levels of GSH (reduced glutathione) and GSSG (oxidized glutathione) as revealed by HPLC analysis. Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of at least two independent replicates. °p < 0.05, °°p < 0.01 and °°°p < 0.001 (one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison post-test) denote a significant difference of the treatments compared the control. *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001 (t-Student test) denote a significant difference with respect to doxorubicin.