Table 1.

IC₅₀ values of β-caryophyllene in cholangiocarcinoma Mz-ChA-1 cells and noncancerous H69 cholangiocytes under both long-term and metronomic schedules. In the last protocol, the cells were subjected to a short and/or double repeated exposure of 2 h to the test substance followed by a recovery time of 72 h. Data represent the mean ± SE (standard error) of at least two experiments in which each treatment was tested in triplicate (n = 6).

Time Exposure	β-Caryophyllene IC50 [µM] (CL)
	Mz-ChA-1	H69
24 h	124.0 (105.0–176.2) *	147.6 (124.5–175.7)
72 h	90.0 (73.1–111.5) §*	146.0 (98.7–211.5)
2 h	171.5 (80.5–213.5)	176.6 (153.7–202.9)
2 h double	139.5 (90.0–173.0) *	161.2 (131.4–197.6)

CL, confidential limits. ^§ p < 0.01 (ANOVA + Multiple Dunnett’s comparison post-test), significantly lower than the IC₅₀ value obtained after 24 h exposure. * p < 0.05 (ANOVA + Multiple Dunnett’s comparison post-test), significantly lower than the IC₅₀ value after the single short treatment of 2 h.