Figure 6.

Xanthohumol (Xn) induces a DNA damage pathway in colon cancer cell lines after 48 h of treatment. (A) Immunoblotting analysis of phosphorylated H2AX, phospho-ATM, ATM, phospho-ATR, phospho-p53, p53, and p21 in the three colon cancer cell lines SW620, SW480, and HT29. Cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of Xn (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 µM) for 48 h. β-actin: loading control. One representative example of three independent experiments. (B) Densitometry quantification of western blotting obtained in Figure 6A. Data are expressed as mean fold induction ± SEM of three independent experiments. p values were determined by a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.