Table 1.

Seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies in South American camelids

Country (Region)	SAC species	Test (commercial provider)	Cut-off	No. positive/No. examined	% Positive	Reference
Peru (Lampa, Puno)	Alpaca	IHA (Toxotest, Wiener Lab.)	1:16	89/200	44.5	[48]
	Llama			38/136	27.9
Peru (Canchis, Cusco)	Alpaca	IFAT	1:50	97/272	35.7	[49]
Peru (Peruvian Andes, Central and South Sierra)	Llama	IFAT Conjugate: anti-llama IgG-FITC (VMRD) + confirmation of positive results by Western blot	1:50	19/43	44.2	[69]
	Vicuna			11/200	5.5
Peru (Puno, South-Eastern Peru)	Alpaca	Immunoblot T. gondii		20/675	3.0	[30]
	Llama			7/81	8.6
	Vicuna			3/114	2.6
Peru (Central Sierra)	Alpaca	IHA (Toxotest, Wiener Lab.).	1:16	42/200	21.0	[50]
Peru (Central Sierra)	Alpaca	IFAT Conjugate: anti-llama IgG-FITC (VMRD)	1:200	22/258	8.5	[70]
Peru (Melgar, Puno)	Llama	IFAT	1:200	16/107	14.9	[71]
Peru (Central and South Peruvian Andes)	Alpaca	IFAT Conjugate: anti-llama IgG FITC (VMRD)	1:200	706/2874	24.6	[57]
	Llama			460/1845	24.9
Argentina (Jujuy)	Llama	IFAT Conjugate: anti bovine IgG FITC (Sigma-Aldrich)	1:50	44/308	14.3	[37]
Chile	Alpaca	IHA (in-house)	1:16	32/447	7.2	[38]
Chile	Alpaca	MAT	1:25	15/127	11.8	[39]
	Llama			49/113	43.3
USA (Northwest: Oregon, Washington State and Idaho)	Llama	MAT	1:25	95/283	33.5	[41]
USA Virginia	Alpaca	MAT	1:25	6/16	37.5	[40]
Germany (Hesse)	Alpaca	Immunoblot T. gondii		4/12	33.3	[30]
	Llama			10/20	50.0
Czech Republic	Alpaca	ELISA (ID Screen Toxoplasmosis indirect multispecies ID.vet)	S/P (%) ≥ 50%a	1/1	100	[42]
	Llama			7/8	88.0
	Alpaca	IFAT Conjugate: anti-llama IgG FITC (VMRD)	1:50	0/1	0
	Llama			4/8	50.0

^aS/P (%) calculated according to the formula: S/P %= (OD sample/OD positive control) × 100, OD optical density

Abbreviations: cELISA, competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IFAT, indirect fluorescent antibody test; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate; IHA, indirect hemagglutination; MAT, modified agglutination test