Table 2.
Seroprevalence of N. caninum antibodies in South American camelids
| Country Region |
SAC species | Test (commercial provider) | Cut-off | No. positives/No. examined | % Positives | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Peru Highlands, Central and Southern Peru |
Alpaca |
IFAT conjugate: anti-llama IgG FITC (VMRD) |
1:50 | 39/92 | 42.4 | [58] |
| Llama | 1:50 | 39/212 | 18.4 | |||
|
Peru Highlands, different regions |
Alpaca |
IFAT conjugate: anti-llama IgG–FITC (VMRD) + confirmation of positive results by Westernblot |
1:50 | 14/78 | 17.9 | [59] |
| Llama | 17/73 | 23.3 | ||||
|
Peru Puno, South-Eastern Peru |
Alpaca | Immunoblot N. caninum | 17/675 | 2.5 | [30] | |
| Llama | 1/81 | 1.2 | ||||
| Vicuna | 0/114 | 0 | ||||
|
Peru Yauli, Central Sierra |
Alpaca |
IFAT conjugate: anti-llama IgG FITC (VMRD) |
1:100 | 5/175 | 2.9 | [72] |
|
Peru Central and South Peruvian Andes |
Alpaca |
IFAT conjugate: anti-llama IgG FITC (VMRD) |
1:100 | 425/2874 | 14.8 | [57] |
| Llama | 153/1845 | 8.3 | ||||
|
Peru Arequipa, South Peruvian Andes |
Vicuna | ELISA, Chekit Neospora – cELISA (IDEXX) + confirmation of positive results by Westernblot | 2/207 | 1.0 | [73] | |
| Alpaca | 2/571 | 0.3 | ||||
| Llama | 0/43 | 0 | ||||
|
Peru Huancavelica |
Llama |
IFAT conjugate: anti-llama IgG FITC (VMRD) |
1:100 | 12/98 | 12.2 | [56] |
|
Peru Huancavelica |
Alpaca | IFAT | 1:100 | 47/288 | 16.3 | [55] |
|
Argentina Jujuy |
Llama |
IFAT conjugate: anti bovine IgG FITC (Sigma) |
1:50 | 3/308 | 1.0 | [37] |
|
Australia South |
Alpaca | ELISA, N. caninum Antibody Test Kit ELISA (IDEXX) + Protein G conjugate (Zymed Recombinant Protein G HRP Conjugate, Invitrogen) | 0/182 | 0 | [53] | |
|
Australia New South Wales and Victoria |
Alpaca | ELISA, N. caninum Antibody Test Kit – cELISA (VMRD) | %I ≥ 30%a | 3/100 | 3.0 | [24] |
|
Germany Hesse |
Alpaca | Immunoblot N. caninum | 0/12 | 0 | [30] | |
| Llama | 0/20 | 0 | ||||
| Czech Republic | Alpaca | ELISA, N. caninum Antibody Test Kit – cELISA (VMRD) | %I ≥ 30%a | 0/1 | 0 | [42] |
| Llama | 1/8 | 12.5 | ||||
| Alpaca |
IFAT conjugate: anti-llama IgG FITC (VMRD) |
1:50 | 0/1 | 0 | ||
| Llama | 1/8 | 12.5 |
cELISA: competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, IFAT: indirect fluorescent antibody test; a %I (% inhibition) calculated according the formula: %I = 100 − (OD sample × 100/mean OD negative control), OD optical density, S/P (%) calculated according to the formula: S/P = (OD sample/OD positive control) × 100; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate