Table 2.
Subgroup analyses of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) incidence.
| Subgroup | Trials, n | RR (95% CI) | Heterogeneity, I2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (years) | |||
| ⩾65 | 4 | 2.02 (1.21–3.36) | 6.10% |
| <65 | 10 | 0.99 (0.58–1.68) | 66.80% |
| Race | |||
| Asian | 10 | 0.92 (0.54–1.54) | 65.00% |
| Non-Asian | 4 | 2.30 (1.41–3.76) | 0.00% |
| Study design | |||
| RCT | 9 | 0.98 (0.62–1.56) | 0.00% |
| Non-RCT | 5 | 1.56 (0.78–3.12) | 84.20% |
| Type of intervention | |||
| chronic use | 6 | 1.69 (1.10–2.59) | 37.30% |
| new use | 8 | 0.75 (0.53–1.05) | 0.00% |
| Type of RAAS blockers | |||
| ACEI | 6 | 0.98 (0.51–1.89) | 39.50% |
| ARB | 4 | 1.81 (0.78–4.17) | 0.00% |
| Sample size | |||
| ⩾200 | 5 | 1.83 (1.12–3.00) | 40.30% |
| <200 | 9 | 0.78 (0.57–1.07) | 0.00% |
ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; CI: confidence interval; RAAS: renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; RCT: randomized controlled trial; RR: relative risk.