Table 2.
Incidence of asthma and the Cox proportional hazard model estimated proton pump inhibitor (PPI) cohort to non-PPI cohort hazard ratio.
| PPI | Non-PPI | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asthma event | PY | rate | Asthma event | PY | rate | Crude HR (95% C.I.) | Adjusted HR (95% C.I.) | |
| Total | 1,823 | 137,582 | 13.3 | 1,393 | 165,323 | 8.4 | 1.70 (1.59–1.83) | 1.76 (1.64–1.88) |
| Age | ||||||||
| 20–40 | 196 | 23,859 | 8.2 | 113 | 27,634 | 4.1 | 2.21 (1.75–2.79) | 2.22 (1.76–2.80) |
| 40–65 | 891 | 77,631 | 11.5 | 643 | 91,818 | 7.0 | 1.81 (1.63–2.00) | 1.83 (1.66–2.03) |
| >=65 | 736 | 36,091 | 20.4 | 637 | 45,870 | 13.9 | 1.56 (1.41–1.74) | 1.60 (1.44–1.78) |
| p for interaction = 0.019 | ||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 894 | 75,156 | 11.9 | 721 | 90,282 | 8.0 | 1.61 (1.46–1.78) | 1.65 (1.50–1.83) |
| Female | 929 | 62,426 | 14.9 | 672 | 75,041 | 9.0 | 1.80 (1.63–1.99) | 1.86 (1.69–2.06) |
| p for interaction= 0.127 | ||||||||
| Hypertension | ||||||||
| No | 1,187 | 100,312 | 11.8 | 839 | 119,430 | 7.0 | 1.86 (1.70–2.03) | 1.90 (1.74–2.08) |
| Yes | 636 | 37,270 | 17.1 | 554 | 45,893 | 12.1 | 1.50 (1.34–1.68) | 1.55 (1.38–1.74) |
| p for interaction = 0.009 | ||||||||
| Hyperlipidemia | ||||||||
| No | 1,590 | 121,675 | 13.1 | 1,206 | 146,560 | 8.2 | 1.73 (1.60–1.86) | 1.78 (1.65–1.92) |
| Yes | 233 | 15,908 | 14.6 | 187 | 18,763 | 10.0 | 1.54 (1.27–1.87) | 1.60 (1.32–1.94) |
| p for interaction = 0.354 | ||||||||
| GERD | ||||||||
| No | 1,803 | 136,289 | 13.2 | 1,380 | 163,997 | 8.4 | 1.70 (1.59–1.83) | 1.76 (1.64–1.89) |
| Yes | 20 | 1,293 | 15.5 | 13 | 1,326 | 9.8 | 1.57 (0.78–3.16) | 1.57 (0.77–3.20) |
| p for interaction = 0.786 | ||||||||
| Allergic rhinitis | ||||||||
| No | 1,652 | 128,132 | 12.9 | 1,236 | 153,854 | 8.0 | 1.74 (1.62–1.87) | 1.80 (1.67–1.94) |
| Yes | 171 | 9,450 | 18.1 | 157 | 11,469 | 13.7 | 1.41 (1.14–1.75) | 1.44 (1.15–1.79) |
| p for interaction = 0.065 | ||||||||
| Atopic dermatitis | ||||||||
| No | 1,806 | 136,762 | 13.2 | 1,380 | 164,317 | 8.4 | 1.70 (1.59–1.83) | 1.80 (1.68–1.93) |
| Yes | 17 | 820 | 20.7 | 13 | 1,006 | 12.9 | 1.70 (0.82–3.50) | 1.76 (0.84–3.69) |
| p for interaction = 0.908 | ||||||||
| Peptic ulcer disease | ||||||||
| No | 1,521 | 117,586 | 12.9 | 1,089 | 143,531 | 7.6 | 1.87 (1.73–2.02) | 1.95 (1.80–2.11) |
| Yes | 302 | 19,996 | 15.1 | 304 | 21,792 | 13.9 | 1.11 (0.95–1.30) | 1.14 (0.97–1.34) |
| p for interaction < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Diabetes | ||||||||
| No | 1,547 | 120,310 | 12.9 | 1,163 | 142,852 | 8.1 | 1.72 (1.59–1.85) | 1.76 (1.63–1.90) |
| Yes | 276 | 17,272 | 16.0 | 230 | 22,471 | 10.2 | 1.66 (1.39–1.97) | 1.72 (1.44–2.05) |
| p for interaction = 0.943 | ||||||||
| Sleep apnea syndrome | ||||||||
| No | 1,722 | 131,137 | 13.1 | 1,298 | 157,665 | 8.2 | 1.73 (1.61–1.86) | 1.78 (1.66–1.92) |
| Yes | 101 | 6,445 | 15.7 | 95 | 7,658 | 12.4 | 1.32 (0.997–1.75) | 1.33 (1.002–1.76) |
| p for interaction = 0.074 | ||||||||
| H2RA | ||||||||
| No | 1,292 | 97,235 | 13.3 | 983 | 119,937 | 8.2 | 1.75 (1.61–1.90) | 1.81 (1.66–1.96) |
| Yes | 531 | 40,347 | 13.2 | 410 | 45,386 | 9.0 | 1.56 (1.37–1.77) | 1.58 (1.38–1.79) |
| p for interaction = 0.029 | ||||||||
| NSAIDs | ||||||||
| No | 803 | 61,456 | 13.1 | 560 | 75,846 | 7.4 | 1.84 (1.65–2.05) | 1.93 (1.73–2.15) |
| Yes | 1,020 | 76,126 | 13.4 | 833 | 89,477 | 9.3 | 1.58 (1.44–1.73) | 1.61 (1.47–1.76) |
| p for interaction < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Acetaminophen | ||||||||
| No | 931 | 72,357 | 12.9 | 626 | 85,788 | 7.3 | 1.82 (1.65–2.02) | 1.88 (1.70–2.08) |
| Yes | 892 | 65,225 | 13.7 | 767 | 79,535 | 9.6 | 1.58 (1.44–1.74) | 1.64 (1.49–1.81) |
| p for interaction = 0.001 | ||||||||
PY, Person-years; Rate, 1/1,000 Person-Years; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; H2RA, histamine 2 receptor antagonists; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.