Table 4.

Implementation theories, models and frameworks used by participants

Active Implementation Framework

Behaviour Change Wheel

Capability Opportunity Motivation Behavior

Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research

Diffusion of Innovation

Diffusion of Innovations in Health Service Organizations

Exploration, Preparation, Implementation and Sustainment Model

Grol and Wensing’s Model for Effective Implementation

Interactive Systems Framework

IOWA Model of Evidence-based Practice

Kern’s Medical Model for Curriculum Development

Knowledge-to-Action Framework

Lavis’ Framework for Knowledge Transfer

Lewin’s Change Theory

NHS Sustainability Model

Normalization Process Theory

Plan-Do-Study-Act Cycles

Practical Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model

Proctor’s Implementation Outcome Framework

Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services

Quality Implementation Framework

QUERI Model

Reach Effectiveness Adoption Implementation Maintenance

Replicating Effective Programs Model

Social Cognitive Theory

Star Model of Knowledge Transformation

Theoretical Domains Framework

Transtheoretical Model of Behaviour Change

Note: nearly half of the 24 participants attended the same training course, which may have limited the range of theories, models and frameworks identified. See Additional file 1 for citations for the theories, models and frameworks.