Table 2.
Overall effect sizes per outcome
| All time points | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect size | p-value | 95% Confidence Intervals | Heterogeneity (I2) | ||
| Positive mental health (n = 9) | 0.35 | 0.01** | 0.10 | 0.61 | 75%*** |
| Mental disorders (depression and anxiety; n = 12) | −0.11 | 0.21 | −0.30 | 0.08 | 59%** |
| Self-harm and suicide (n = 0) | |||||
| Aggressive, disruptive and oppositional disorders (n = 0) | |||||
| Substance use (n = 3) | −0.27 | 0.26 | −1.10 | 0.56 | 61%* |
| Risky sexual and reproductive health behaviors (n = 2) | −0.17 | 0.56 | −2.68 | 2.35 | 60% |
| School attendance (n = 2) | 0.64 | 0.01** | 0.55 | 0.72 | 0% |
| Adherence to antenatal and postnatal care (n = 2) | 0.31 | 0.53 | −4.04 | 4.66 | 35% |
| Parenting skills (n = 8) | 0.07 | 0.47 | −0.16 | 0.30 | 71%** |
| Exposure to IPV (n = 0) | |||||
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. Models in italics are indicative only, given the statistical estimation procedures used. For positive mental health, school attendance, adherence to antenatal and postnatal care, and parenting skills, a positive effect size denotes a beneficial effect. For all other outcomes, a negative effect size denotes a beneficial effect