TABLE 3.
Regulation of host antiviral responsesa
| Antiviral agent(s) and functional category | Virus(es) | Host target | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agonist of the innate immune receptors | |||
| Rintatolimod (Ampligen) | HIV, HCV, HBV | TLR3 agonist | 189 |
| GS9620, RO6864018, RO7020531, AL-034, imiquimod (Aldara) | HBV, HPV | TLR7 agonist | 21, 508 |
| GS9688 | HBV | TLR8 agonist | 508 |
| CL097 | HIV | TLR7/8 agonist | 189 |
| PF-04878691 or 852A | HCV | TLR7/8 agonist | 189 |
| CPG10101, IMO-2125, SD-101 | HCV | TLR9 agonist | 189 |
| Inarigivir (SB 9200) | HBV | RIG-I agonist | 508 |
| Regulation of inflammatory pathway | |||
| IFN-α, PegIFN-α, Alferon N | HPV, HCV, HBV | TNF-α-mediated antiviral activity | 21 |
| Quercetin | JEV, HCV | TNF-α-mediated antiviral activity | 509–511 |
| A23187 | SINV, VSV | Ca2+ efflux-mediated antiviral immunity | 512 |
| Phorbol myristate acetate | HBV | Synthesis of NF-κB-mediated antiviral protein | 513, 514 |
| CI1033 | Variola virus | ErbB1(EGFR)-mediated antiviral immunity | 515 |
| SIP agonist | IAV | Suppression of virus-induced cytokine storm | 516, 517 |
| COX-2 depletion | IAV | Induction of type I IFN-mediated antiviral immunity | 518 |
| Statins | IAV | Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects | 519, 520 |
| PPAR agonist | IAV | Suppression of virus-induced cytokine storm and associated lethality in mice | 521–524 |
a
Abbreviations: COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2; DHV, duck hepatitis virus; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HPV, human papillomavirus; IAV, influenza A virus; JEV, Japanese hepatitis virus; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ; SINV, Sindbis virus; SIP, sphingosine-1-phosphate; VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus.