Table 1.
Participant Characteristics, by Study Arm (N = 192)
| Characteristic | All (N = 192) | Arm
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health-Coaching Arm (n = 100) | Usual-Care Arm (n = 92) | P Value | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 61.3 (7.6) | 60.7 (8.0) | 61.9 (7.2) | NS |
| Male, % (No.) | 65.5 (126) | 67.0 (67) | 64.1 (59) | NS |
| Works full/part-time outside the home, % (No.) | 17.8 (34) | 16.0 (16) | 19.8 (18) | NS |
| Income <$10,000/y, % (No.) | 45.7 (84) | 45.8 (44) | 45.5 (40) | NS |
| Black/African American race, % (No.) | 56.8 (109) | 53.0 (53) | 60.9 (56) | NS |
| Hispanic/Latino ethnicity, % (No.) | 16.7 (32) | 13.0 (13) | 20.7 (19) | NS |
| Preferred language is not English, % (No.) | 12.6 (24) | 7.0 (7) | 18.7 (17) | .02 |
| Education less than high school, % (No.) | 31.9 (61) | 27.0 (27) | 37.4 (34) | NS |
| Had visit with pulmonary specialist in 12 months before enrollment, % (No.) | 31.3 (60) | 34.0 (34) | 28.3 (26) | NS |
| Severity of COPD | ||||
| GOLD classification, % (No.)a | NS | |||
| Gold A (low symptoms, low risk) | 4.2 (8) | 5.1 (5) | 3.3 (3) | |
| Gold B (high symptoms, low risk) | 46.3 (88) | 46.5 (46) | 46.2 (42) | |
| Gold C (low symptoms, high risk) | 3.2 (6) | 4.0 (4) | 2.2 (2) | |
| Gold D (high symptoms, high risk) | 46.3 (88) | 44.4 (44) | 48.4 (44) | |
| FEV1 % of predicted, mean (SD) | 58 (20) | 55 (19) | 60 (20) | NS |
| High COPD symptom score: CAT ≥10, % (No.) | 92.7 (177) | 90.9 (90) | 94.6 (87) | NS |
| Ever smoked, % (No.) | 96.3 (184) | 99.0 (99) | 93.4 (85) | .04 |
| Current smoker, % (No.) | 53.8 (99) | 54.6 (54) | 52.9 (45) | NS |
| Asthma diagnosis, % (No.) | 27.6 (53) | 29.0 (29) | 26.1 (24) | NS |
| Inhaled medications | ||||
| Uses any inhaler (rescue or controller), % (No.) | 92.7 (178) | 95.0 (95) | 90.2 (83) | NS |
| Uses controller inhaler, % (No.) | 65.6 (126) | 67.0 (67) | 64.1 (59) | NS |
| Number of controller inhalers prescribed, mean (SD) | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.3 (0.9) | NS |
| Types of medications prescribedb | ||||
| Short-acting β agonist (SABA), % (No.) | 88.5 (170) | 90.0 (90) | 87.0 (80) | NS |
| Short-acting anticholinergic, % (No.) | 34.4 (66) | 32.0 (32) | 37.0 (34) | NS |
| Long-acting β agonist (LABA), % (No.) | 56.8 (109) | 57.0 (57) | 56.5 (52) | NS |
| Long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA), % (No.) | 51.6 (99) | 59.0 (59) | 43.5 (40) | .03 |
| Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), % (No.) | 76.0 (146) | 76.0 (76) | 76.1 (70) | NS |
| Correctly identified rescue inhaler, % (No.) | 88.5 (161) | 90.7 (88) | 85.9 (73) | NS |
| Number of uses of rescue inhaler/day, mean (SD) Inhaler use | 2.5 (1.9) | 2.7 (2.0) | 2.3 (1.8) | NS |
| Metered dose inhaler, % (No.) | 91.8 (168) | 90.7 (88) | 93.0 (80) | NS |
| Closed-mouth technique | 66.1 (111) | 63.6 (56) | 68.8 (55) | NS |
| Open-mouth technique | 8.9 (15) | 10.2 (9) | 7.5 (6) | NS |
| Use with a spacer | 25.0 (42) | 26.1 (23) | 23.8 (19) | NS |
| HandiHaler, % (No.) | 40.2 (70) | 42.9 (39) | 37.4 (31) | NS |
| Diskus, % (No.) | 19.4 (35) | 13.7 (13) | 25.9 (22) | .04 |
| Respimat, % (No.) | 12.0 (22) | 14.4 (14) | 9.3 (8) | NS |
| Number days (of last 7) patient reports having taken medications as prescribed, mean (SD) | 5.6 (2.3) | 5.7 (2.1) | 5.4 (2.4) | NS |
| Perfect adherence, % (No.)c | 59.5 (75) | 64.2 (43) | 54.2 (32) | NS |
| Good adherence, % (No.)d | 77.0 (97) | 77.6 (52) | 76.3 (45) | NS |
| Inhaler use technique | ||||
| Perfect use of all inhalers, % (No.)e | 2.8 (5) | 4.2 (4) | 1.2 (1) | NS |
| Adequate use of all inhalers, % (No.)f | 9.6 (17) | 12.6 (12) | 6.0 (5) | NS |
| Weighted inhaler technique score, mean (SD)g | 72.3 (16.2) | 72.9 (16.3) | 71.5 (16.1) | NS |
COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CAT = COPD Assessment Test; FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in 1 second; GOLD = Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; NS = not significant.
According to the 2014 GOLD guidelines.58
Either alone or in combination with another inhaled medication.
Report of taking all medications as prescribed in the last 7 days.
Report of taking all medications as prescribed for at least 5 of the last 7 days.
Successful completion of every step of inhaler use for every inhaler for which use was demonstrated.
Successful completion of every essential step required for medication delivery, for every inhaler for which use was demonstrated.
On a scale of 0 to 100, where higher score indicates better technique.
Note: Data missing for some patients for some characteristics.