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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 May 15.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020 Mar 11;16(5):263–275. doi: 10.1038/s41574-020-0335-y

Fig. 3 ∣. Causes and consequences of cellular senescence.

Fig. 3 ∣

a ∣ Images of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-βgal) staining of proliferating and senescent human preadipocytic cells. Bars represent 60 μm. b ∣ Different stimuli can induce cellular senescence. The phenotypes of senescent cells are cell type and context dependent; however, cells can develop a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), arrested proliferation and resistance to proapoptotic pathways through senescence-associated antiapoptotic pathways (SCAPs). The formation of senescent cells in response to damage has an important role in tumour suppression and is also necessary for tissue repair (for instance during wound healing). By contrast, the persistent presence of fairly small numbers of senescent cells can promote a protumorigenic milieu and impair the function of multiple tissues. ROS, reactive oxygen species.