A) Expression analysis of INPP4B in cryptorchid, infertile patients without spermatids, infertile patients with spermatids and control groups using microarray data from Chalmel et al [28]. The control group has higher INPP4B expression compared to all other groups. **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. B) Inpp4b and C) Pten expression in postnatal mouse testes analyzed by qRT-PCR. RNA was extracted from 8-day old (n = 10), 20-day old (n = 6), WT adult (n = 6), and cryptorchid adult (n = 8) whole testis. Gene expression was normalized to 18S. Data shown as mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using 1-way ANOVA. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. D) INPP4B IHC of 2-month old mouse testes. Testis sections from age-matched WT (left panel) and Inpp4b-/- males (right panel) were stained for INPP4B and counterstained with hematoxylin. The middle panel represents a magnified section of WT testis. Elongated spermatids showed by arrows, Leydig and Sertoli cells showed by white and black arrowheads respectively. No staining was detected in Inpp4b-deficient testis sections. Scale bars represent 100 μm for right and left images and 20 μm for the middle image.