Table 2. Interrupted time series analysis of antibiotic use from 2004 to 2018 in the Aljarafe Area and in Andalusia.
| Regression intercept (initial level) DIDa | Pre-intervention trend (annual change from 2004 to 2010) [95%CI] p-value | Change in level (change in first year after start of interventions) [95%CI] p-value | Post-intervention trend (change in trend from 2011–2018 relative to 2004–2010) [95%CI] p-value | Post-intervention linear trend (annual change from 2011 to 2018) [95%CI] p-value | Absolute effect (difference between actual and predicted rates) [95%CI] | Relative effect (%) (relative percent change from the pre-intervention trend) [95%CI] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DID Total antibacterials (J01) | |||||||
| Aljarafe | 17.88 | 0.19 [0.13–0.25] 0.000 | 0.92 [0.32–1.52] 0.006 | -0.90 [-1.05-(-0.75)] 0.000 | -0.71 [-0.84-(-0.58)] 0.000 | -5.38 [-7.03-(-3.73)] | -25.95% [-35.72-(-17.12)] |
| Andalusia | 19.65 | 0.15 [-0.00–0.30] 0.053 | 0.16 [-0.65–0.98] 0.669 | -0.78 [-0.95-(-0.60)] 0.000 | -0.63 [-0.70-(-0.56)] 0.000 | -5.30 [-7.23-(3.22)] | -24.20% [-37.54-(13.13)] |
| DID Penicillins (J01C) | |||||||
| Aljarafe | 12.57 | 0.39 [0.31–0.47] 0.000 | 0.60 [-0.03–1.22] 0.060 | -1.05 [-1.19-(-0.90)] 0.000 | -0.65 [-0.78-(-0.52)] 0.000 | -4.79 [-0.24–29.76] | -26.00% [-1.42–49.02] |
| Andalusia | 12.38 | 0.36 [0.19–0.54] 0.001 | -0.03–1.00–0.93] 0.940 | -0.86 [-1.06-(-0.67)] 0.000 | -0.50 [-0.58-(-0.42)] 0.000 | -6.05 [-8.42–3.76] | -34.03% [-56.89-(-17.98)] |
| DID Amoxicillin clavulanate (J01CR02) | |||||||
| Aljarafe | 7.29 | 0.25 [0.21–0.29] 0.000 | 0.96 [0.61–1.32] 0.000 | -1.11 [-1.19-(-1.05)] 0.000 | -0.87 [-0.93-(-0.80)] 0.000 | -6.81 [-7.65–6.04] | -61.68% [-75.67-(-51.10)] |
| Andalusia | 8.44 | 0.29 [0.12–0.46] 0.003 | -0.06 [-0.83–0.72] 0.876 | -1.06 [-1.27-(-0.85)] 0.000 | -0.77 [-0.85-(-0.69)] 0.000 | -7.48 [-9.72–5.23] | -58.48% [-100.10-(-32.96)] |
| DID Quinolones (J01M) | |||||||
| Aljarafe | 1.81 | -0.03 [-0.06–0.00] 0.045 | 0.06 [-0.06–0.19] 0.291 | -0.05 [-0.09-(-0.02)] 0.003 | -0.08 [-0.09-(-0.07)] .000 | -0.29 [-0.62–0.04] | -21.32% [-74.70-(2.29)] |
| Andalusia | 2.34 | -0.03 [-0.04-(-0.02)] 0.000 | -0.03 [-0.11–0.05] 0.419 | -0.06 [-0.08-(-0.05)] 0.000 | -0.10 [-0.11-(-0.08)] 0.000 | -0.45 [-0.67–0.31] | -24.19% [-39.41-(-14.90)] |
| DID Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins (J01F) | |||||||
| Aljarafe | 1.20 | -0.07 [-0.10–0.03] 0.002 | 0.16 [-0.00–0.32] 0.051 | 0.10 [0.06–0.16] 0.001 | 0.04 [0.01–0.07] 0.015 | 0.85 [0.42–1.44] | 607.14% [-91.09–160.00] |
| Andalusia | 1.92 | -0.08 [-0.11-(-0.05)] 0.000 | 0.12 [-0.05–0.29] 0.144 | 0.11 [0.08–1.15] 0.000 | 0.03 [0.01–0.06] 0.015 | 0.89 [0.49–1.34] | 123.61% [-3.26–102.29] |
| DID Cephalosporins (J01D) | |||||||
| Aljarafe | 1.30 | -0.11 [-0.13–0.09] 0.000 | 0.15 [-0.04–0.25] 0.013 | 0.10 [0.07–0.13] 0.000 | -0.01 [-0.02–0.01] 0.527 | 0.85 [0.53–1.16] | -5.54% [-74.65–11600.00] |
| Andalusia | 1.91 | -0.11 [-0.13-(-0.09)] 0.000 | 0.09 [0.00–0.18] 0.041 | 0.07 [0.05–1.10] 0.000 | -0.04 [-0.05-(-0.02)] 0.000 | 0.59 [0.35–0.88] | 225.77% [-354.00–141.94] |
aDID: defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants-day