. 2020 Apr 29;128(4):047010. doi: 10.1289/EHP5751

Table 2.

Target biomarkers for the HAPIN trial.

Biomarker	Biomarker no. for Table 2	Reason for selection	Matrix	Method	Method reference
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)^a	1	Endothelial marker of cardiovascular function	DBS	Immunoassay	Barnett and Ware 2011; Hecht et al. 2011; McElrath et al. 2011, 2013
Vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1)^a	2	Endothelial marker of cardiovascular function	DBS	Immunoassay	McElrath et al. 2011
Endothelin-1^a	3	Endothelial marker of cardiovascular function	DBS	Immunoassay	Goddard and Webb 2000
E-selectin^a	4	Endothelial marker of cardiovascular function	DBS	Immunoassay	Barnett and Ware 2011; McElrath et al. 2011
C-reactive protein (CRP)^a	5	Inflammation marker	DBS	Immunoassay	Barnett and Ware 2011; McElrath et al. 2011, 2013
Interleukin 6 (IL-6)^a	6	Inflammation marker	DBS	Immunoassay	Barnett and Ware 2011; McElrath et al. 2011
von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF)^a	7	Blood coagulation protein	DBS	Immunoassay	Barnett and Ware 2011; Mannucci 1998
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)^a	8	Marker of glycemic control	DBS, capillary blood	POC, LC-MS/MS	Dubach et al. 2019; Jeppsson et al. 2002
Hemoglobin (Hb)	9	Clinical biomarker	DBS, capillary blood	POC, LC-MS/MS	Jeppsson et al. 2002; Osborn et al. 2019
Lipids^a	10	Clinical biomarkers	DBS	Immunoassay	Akins et al. 1989
P53 Tumor-associated antigen antibodies (p53 TAA antibodies)^a	11	Lung and other cancer biomarker	DBS	Array assay	Xu et al. 2019
F2-Isoprostanes^a	12	Inflammation markers	DBS	Immunoassay	Soffler et al. 2010
Clara cell protein (CC16)^a	13	Lung insult marker	DBS	Immunoassay	Broeckaert and Bernard 2000
8-OH-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG)^a	14	Oxidative stress marker	Urine	LC-MS/MS	Marrocco et al. 2017
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)^a	15	Oxidative stress marker	DBS	Immunoassay	Marrocco et al. 2017
Malondialdehyde (MDA)^a	16	Oxidative stress marker	Urine	LC-MS/MS	Kartavenka et al. 2019a
Cytochrome P450 (Cyp450)^a	17	Enzyme induction	DBS	Immunoassay	Lake et al. 2009
3-OH cotinine; cotinine, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL)^b	18	Short-term and longer-term ( $\sim 6 weeks$ ) tobacco smoke biomarkers	Urine	LC-MS/MS	Avila-Tang et al. 2013; Braun et al. 2010; Carmella et al. 2003; Needham et al. 2005a; Sexton et al. 2011; Yuan et al. 2014
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (1-OH pyrene,1-/2-naphthol, 2-/3-hydroxyfluorine, 2-/3-/4-hydroxyphenanthrene, phenanthrene tetrol)^b	19	Carcinogen exposure biomarker	Urine	GC-MS/MS	Aquilina et al. 2010; Perera et al. 2005
Volatile organic chemicals [mercapturate metabolites including S-phenylmercaptuate (benzene metabolite), S-benzylmercapturate (toluene metabolite), S-1-phenyl-2-hydroxyethylmercapturate (styrene metabolite), and S-2-hydroxyethylmercapturate (acrylonitrile, vinyl chloride, ethylene oxide metabolite)]^b	20	Carcinogen exposure biomarker	Urine	LC-MS/MS	Alwis et al. 2012; Barr and Ashley 1998; Calafat et al. 1999
Heavy metals/metalloids (lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic)^b	21	Air pollution exposure, neurotoxicants	DBS, urine	ICP-MS	Buck Louis et al. 2012; Jones et al. 2010; Needham et al. 2005a; Rubin et al. 2007; Sexton et al. 2011
Levoglucosan^b	22	Wood exposure biomarker	Urine	LC-MS/MS	Naeher et al. 2013
Metabolome^c	23	Biomarker discovery	DBS, serum	HRMS	Burgess et al. 2015; Frediani et al. 2014; Go et al. 2015; Roede et al. 2013
microRNA^c	24	Biomarker discovery	NT, plasma	RT-PCR	Harrison et al. 2000; Ponnusamy et al. 2015
mRNA^c	25	Biomarker discovery	NT	RT-PCR	Harrison et al. 2000
DNA methylation^c	26	Biomarker discovery	NT, BC, Buccal	Bead chip	Paquette et al. 2016
Oral microbiome^c	27	Biomarker discovery	Oral rinse	16S rDNA	Jovel et al. 2016
Novel inflammation cancer markers [serum amyloid A, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 or monokine induced by $γ -interferon$ ]^c	28	Cancer risk evaluation	Plasma	Immunoassay	Shiels et al. 2017

Note: BC, buffy coat; buccal, buccal cells; DBS, dried blood spots; GC-MS/MS, gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; HAPIN, Household Air Pollution Intervention Network; HRMS, high resolution mass spectrometry; ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; NT, nasal turbinate swab; POC, point-of-care; RT-PCR, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction.

^{^a}

Measured in all other adult women.

^{^b}

Measured in all participants including pregnant women, children, and other adult women.

^{^c}

Measured in a subset of samples.