Table 1.
The development stages of various host targets
| Host targets | Representative modulators | Viruses | Development stages |
|---|---|---|---|
| CCR5 | Maraviroc | HIV | Approved |
| Polypharmacology | RBV | HCV/RSV | Approved |
| Cyps | Alisporivir | HCV | Phase 3 (halted) |
| eIF2‐α | Nitazoxanide | Influenza, HBV, HCV, EBOV, DENV, JEV, and HIV | Phase 3 (influenza virus), phase 2 (HCV), and phase 1 (HBV) |
| NTCP | Myrcludex B | HBV/HDV | Phase 2/3 |
| IMPDH | VX‐947 | HCV | Phase 2 (halted) |
| HMGCoA reductase | Statins | HCV | Phase 2 |
| α‐Glucosidase | Iminosugars | DENV, HCV, EBOV, HIV, and influenza virus | Phase 2 (HIV, DENV, and HCV) |
| FXR | EYP001 | HCV/HBV | Phase 2 (HCV), phase 1 (HBV) |
| DGAT‐1 | Pradigastat | HCV | Phase 2 (halted) |
| Kinases (NAKs) | Sunitinib and erlotinib | DENV and EBOV | Phase 1 (EBOV) |
| PPARα | Naringenin | HCV | Phase 1 |
| APOBEC3G | IMB‐35 | HIV, HBV, HCV | Preclinical |
| BST‐2 | IMB‐LZ | HIV | Preclinical |
| HSP90 | GA derivatives | HCV, HIV, EBOV, and DENV, and so forth | Preclinical |
| HSP70 | Oxymatrine derivatives | HCV, DENV, ZIKV, WNV, and JEV | Preclinical |
| CXCR4 | GSK812397 | HIV | Preclinical |
| DDX‐3 | 97‐99 | HIV, HCV, WNV, and DENV | Preclinical |
| Nedd4‐PPxY | 100‐104 | EBOV | Preclinical |
| CSGalNAcT‐1 | Cajanine | HCV, influenza, and HIV | Preclinical |
| NS5B‐ERα | Tamoxifen | HCV | Preclinical |