Table 2.
Multilevel Random Intercept Models Concerning Perceived Neighborhood Quality, Daily Discrimination, Depression, and Social Integration From 1995 to 2014 (N = 6,016 Observations of 3,102 Individuals)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (SE) | B (SE) | B (SE) | B (SE) | B (SE) | B (SE) | |
| Predictors of interest | ||||||
| Perceived neighborhood qualitya | - | 0.62*** (0.03) | 0.61*** (0.03) | 0.61*** (0.03) | 0.59*** (0.04) | 0.58*** (0.04) |
| Daily discriminationa | −0.13*** (0.03) | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) |
| Experienced depressionb | −0.16** (0.05) | −0.16** (0.05) | −0.16** (0.05) | −0.16** (0.05) | −0.14** (0.05) | −0.14** (0.05) |
| Agea | 0.01*** (0.00) | 0.01** (0.00) | 0.01** (0.00) | 0.01** (0.00) | 0.01** (0.00) | 0.01** (0.00) |
| Interaction terms | ||||||
| Perceived neighborhood qualitya × agea | - | - | −0.01** (0.00) | - | - | −0.01** (0.00) |
| Perceived neighborhood qualitya × daily discriminationa | - | - | - | 0.06 (0.04) | - | - |
| Perceived neighbohood qualitya × experienced depressionb | - | - | - | - | 0.18* (0.08) | 0.16* (0.08) |
| Covariates | ||||||
| Family supporta | - | 0.23*** (0.03) | 0.23*** (0.03) | 0.23*** (0.03) | 0.23*** (0.03) | 0.23*** (0.03) |
| Friend supporta | - | 0.43*** (0.03) | 0.43*** (0.03) | 0.43*** (0.03) | 0.43*** (0.03) | 0.43*** (0.03) |
| Years lived in neighborhood | 0.01*** (0.00) | 0.01*** (0.00) | 0.01*** (0.00) | 0.01*** (0.00) | 0.01*** (0.00) | 0.01*** (0.00) |
| Femalec | 0.21*** (0.05) | 0.11** (0.04) | 0.10** (0.04) | 0.11** (0.04) | 0.11** (0.04) | 0.10* (0.04) |
| Blackd | 0.24** (0.09) | 0.31*** (0.08) | 0.31*** (0.08) | 0.32*** (0.08) | 0.31*** (0.08) | 0.30*** (0.08) |
| Other raced | 0.23* (0.10) | 0.31** (0.10) | 0.31** (0.10) | 0.31** (0.10) | 0.30** (0.10) | 0.30** (0.10) |
| Hispanice | −0.10 (0.14) | −0.08 (0.14) | −0.08 (0.14) | −0.08 (0.14) | −0.08 (0.14) | −0.07 (0.14) |
| Less than high schoolf | −0.18* (0.08) | −0.11 (0.07) | −0.12 (0.07) | −0.11 (0.07) | −0.11 (0.07) | −0.12 (0.07) |
| High school degreef | −0.04 (0.05) | −0.01 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.04) |
| College degreef | 0.26*** (0.06) | 0.24*** (0.05) | 0.24*** (0.05) | 0.24*** (0.05) | 0.24*** (0.05) | 0.24*** (0.05) |
| Education beyond collegef | 0.22*** (0.06) | 0.23*** (0.06) | 0.24*** (0.06) | 0.23*** (0.06) | 0.24*** (0.06) | 0.24*** (0.06) |
| Divorced/separatedg | −0.12* (0.05) | −0.11* (0.05) | −0.11* (0.05) | −0.11* (0.05) | −0.11* (0.05) | −0.11* (0.05) |
| Widowedg | −0.09 (0.07) | −0.12 (0.07) | −0.12 (0.07) | −0.12 (0.07) | −0.12 (0.07) | −0.12 (0.07) |
| Never marriedg | −0.11 (0.08) | −0.12 (0.07) | −0.12 (0.07) | −0.12 (0.07) | −0.12 (0.07) | −0.12 (0.07) |
| Has childrenh | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.06) |
| Retiredi | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.05) |
| Not employedi | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.04) |
| Owns home outrightj | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.03 (.04) | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.03 (0.04) |
| Rents homej | −0.24*** (0.05) | −0.04 (0.05) | −0.02 (0.05) | −0.04 (0.05) | −0.04 (0.05) | −0.03 (0.05) |
| Incomek | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.05* (0.02) | −0.05* (0.02) | −0.05* (0.02) | −0.05* (0.02) | −0.05* (0.02) |
| IADL | −0.08** (0.02) | −0.04 (0.02) | −0.04 (0.02) | −0.04 (0.02) | −0.04 (0.02) | −0.05* (0.02) |
| Self-rated health | 0.04* (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) |
| Neuroticisma | −0.33*** (0.03) | −0.23*** (0.03) | −0.23*** (0.03) | −0.23*** (0.03) | −0.23*** (0.03) | −0.23*** (0.03) |
| Neuroticism2, a | −0.08* (0.03) | −0.07* (0.03) | −0.07* (0.03) | −0.07* (0.03) | −0.07* (0.03) | −0.07* (0.03) |
| Wave 2l | −0.05 (0.03) | −0.05 (0.03) | −0.05 (0.03) | −0.05 (0.03) | −0.05 (0.03) | −0.05 (0.03) |
| Wave 3l | −0.15** (0.05) | −0.15** (0.05) | −0.15** (0.05) | −0.15** (0.05) | −0.15** (0.05) | −0.15** (0.05) |
| Model fit | ||||||
| Level 2 variance | 0.67*** | 0.45*** | 0.45*** | 0.45*** | 0.45*** | 0.45*** |
| Level 1 variance | 1.05*** | 0.96*** | 0.95*** | 0.96*** | 0.96*** | 0.95*** |
| Autocorrelation (ρ) | 0.17*** | 0.15*** | 0.15*** | 0.15*** | 0.15*** | 0.14*** |
| F; df | 22.17***; 27 | 56.69***; 30 | 55.25***; 31 | 55.04***; 31 | 55.25***; 31 | 53.83***; 32 |
Notes: IADL = instrumental activities of daily living.
aMean-centered variable.
bReference group is No depression.
cReference group is Male.
dReference group is White.
eReference group is Not Hispanic.
fReference group is Some college.
gReference group is Married.
hReference group is No children.
iReference group is Employed.
jReference group is Paying on a mortgage.
kStandardized variable.
lReference group is Wave 1.
*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.