TABLE 2.

Group comparisons for cognition measures with the control group as the reference group¹

Outcome	CompM	ST	CRT	IR	DR	ConS	InconS	SWM	CM
Baseline measure	0.48***	−0.773***	0.46***	0.49***	0.73***	0.60***	0.67***	0.73***	0.76***
Age	2.39	−0.01	0.04	−0.03	−0.05*	0.06	−0.01	−0.03	−0.01
Male	25.55	−0.93	1.39**	0.39	−0.19	1.61*	−0.67	0.46	−0.29
School (junior or high)	−64.69	−1.58	−0.08	−0.09	−0.35	−0.08	−0.24	0.76	−0.05
Tertiary education	−61.03	−2.34	−0.09	0.05	−0.78	−0.09	−0.92	0.85	0.29
HcY	−8.78	0.18	−0.10	0.03	−0.02	−0.12	−0.07	0.04	0.03
Exercise group	−4.34	−0.31	−0.82	−0.22	0.28	−0.51	−0.57	0.59	0.03
Diet group	−36.62	0.02	−0.26	0.22	0.31	0.24	−0.54	0.22	0.27
Exercise and diet group	−52.39	1.64	−0.04	0.65	0.05	−0.18	0.00	0.87*	0.58
Group effect size (η2)	0.01	0.05	0.03	0.05	0.01	0.01	0.05	0.07	0.02

¹Values were controlled for the corresponding baseline measure, age, sex, education, and baseline homocysteine concentrations (unstandardized coefficients). *P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 ***P < 0.001. CM, contextual memory; CompM, composite measure reaction time; ConS, congruent Stroop; CRT, choice reaction time; DR, delayed recognition; HcY, homocysteine at baseline; InconS, incongruent Stroop; IR, immediate recognition; ST, simple reaction time; SWM, spatial working memory.