TABLE 3.
Group comparison for mood and wellness measures with the control group as the reference group1
| Outcomes | Depression | Anxiety | Stress | Total DASS | Total POMS | PWS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline measure | 0.19*** | 0.15*** | 0.48*** | 0.95*** | 0.71*** | 0.08 |
| Age | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.32 | 0.12 |
| Male | −0.42 | −0.36 | 0.23 | 0.59 | 3.01 | −1.24 |
| School (junior or high) | −0.20 | 0.02 | −0.33 | −0.66 | 6.55 | −2.05 |
| Tertiary education | 0.61 | −0.25 | 0.19 | −0.78 | 1.91 | −2.30 |
| HcY | 0.07 | −0.03 | −0.06 | −0.03 | −0.57 | −0.13 |
| Exercise group | −0.17 | 0.24 | 0.75 | −2.76* | −7.19 | −1.65 |
| Diet group | 0.37 | 0.17 | −0.31 | −1.13 | −0.74 | −1.24 |
| Exercise and diet group | −0.31 | −0.38 | −0.57 | −2.63* | −8.80 | −2.64* |
| Group effect size (η2) | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.07 |
1Values were controlled for the corresponding baseline measure, age, sex, education, and baseline homocysteine concentrations (unstandardized coefficients). *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001. DASS, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale; HcY, homocysteine at baseline; POMS, Profile of Mood States; PWS, perceived-wellness score.