TABLE 5.

Group comparison for biomarker assessment with control group as the reference group¹

				Vitamin			HbA1c, % range
Outcomes	TC	GF	hsCRP	B-12	D	B-6		HcY	IGF-I	BDNF
Baseline measure	0.92***	7.21	0.23	0.77***	0.84**	0.66***	0.96***	0.39***	0.67***	0.82***
Age	0.001	0.43	0.04	4.69	0.54	−0.19	−0.00	0.06	−0.01	99.90
Male	−0.25	12.18	−1.64	+0.81	20.90	1.72	0.05	−0.29	0.31	−388.92
School (junior or high)	0.57	−10.85	−6.82**	43.99	2.05	14.53	0.17	0.67	0.36	−4619.19
Tertiary education	0.59	−53.04	−6.85**	51.25	7.36	−9.99	0.06	1.40	0.29	−4733.67
HcY	−0.02	6.0	−0.32*	−0.04	−1.45	1.29	0.00	0.10	0.16	−72.04
Exercise group	−0.03	−81.12	2.20	−3.19	−13.03	−28.88*	−0.20	2.15	−0.20	−1386.52
Diet group	−0.55	24.41	−0.80	−9.23	−11.32	−17.17	0.14	1.04	0.17	−1848.35
Exercise and diet group	−0.09	18.04	−1.47	110.11*	−10.76	−12.59	−0.17	−1.05	0.11	−918.03
Group effect size (η2)	0.05	0.09	0.07	0.10	0.02	0.02	0.18	0.10	0.00	0.02

¹Values were controlled for the corresponding baseline measure, age, sex, education and baseline homocysteine concentrations (unstandardized coefficients). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GF, fasting glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HcY, homocysteine at baseline; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor I; TC, total cholesterol.