Table 1.
ZIKV/CHIKV, ZIKV/DENV and ZIKV/CHIKV/DENV coinfection frequencies among qRT-PCR-confirmed ZIKV infected study population (n=11 studies)
| Author (year) | Country/ Territory | Region | Study year | Study design | Study population* | Coinfecting agent(s) | Coinfection cases (n) | qRT-PCR-confirmed ZIKV infected study population (n) | Frequency (%) |
Level of evidence† |
| Mercado-Reyes et al28 (2018) | Colombia | N/A‡ | Oct 2015– Dec 2016 |
Cross sectional | Suspected arbovirus infections | CHIKV | 28 | 10 118 | 0.3% | 2c |
| Brasil et al5 (2016) |
Brazil | South-East | Sept 2015– May 2016 |
Cohort | Pregnant women with rash | CHIKV | 3 | 182 | 1.7% | 2b |
| Magalhaes et al12 (2017) |
Brazil | North-East | May 2015– May 2016 |
Cross sectional | Suspected arbovirus infections | CHIKV | 2 | 26 | 7.7% | 2c |
| Waggoner et al13 (2016) | Nicaragua | N/A | Sept 2015– Apr 2016 |
Cross sectional | Suspected arbovirus infections | CHIKV | 16 | 75 | 21.3% | 2c |
| Carrillo- Hernández et al9 (2018) | Colombia | East | Aug 2015– Apr 2016 |
Cross sectional | Suspected arbovirus infections | CHIKV | 10 | 29 | 27.6% | 2c |
| Charlys da Costa et al14 (2017) | Brazil | North-East | Mar 2016– May 2016 |
Cross sectional | Suspected arbovirus infections with rash | CHIKV | 36 | 66 | 54.0% | 2c |
| Mercado-Reyes et al28 (2018) | Colombia | N/A‡ | Oct 2015– Dec 2016 |
Cross sectional | Suspected arbovirus infections | DENV | 3 | 10 118 | 0.03% | 2c |
| Chia et al15 (2017) |
Singapore | Singapore | Aug 2016– Sept 2016 |
Case series | Suspected ZIKV infections | DENV | 4 | 163 | 2.4% | 4 |
| Pessôa et al16 (2016) |
Brazil | North-East | May 2015 | Case series | Suspected arbovirus infections | DENV | 1 | 31 | 3.2% | 4 |
| Colombo et al17 (2017) |
Brazil | South-East | Jan 2016–Nov 2016 | Cross sectional | Suspected ZIKV infections | DENV | 4 | 100 | 4.0% | 2c |
| Estofolete et al18 (2018) |
Brazil | South-East | Jan 2016–Nov 2016 | Case series | Suspected arbovirus infections | DENV | 12 | 151 | 7.9% | 4 |
| Waggoner et al (2016)13 | Nicaragua | N/A | Sept 2015 –Apr 2016 | Cross sectional | Suspected arbovirus infections | DENV | 6 | 75 | 8.0% | 2c |
| Carrillo- Hernández et al9 (2018) | Colombia | East | Aug 2015– Apr 2016 |
Cross sectional | Suspected arbovirus infections | DENV | 12 | 29 | 34.4% | 2c |
| Azeredo et al19 (2018) |
Brazil | Central-West | Feb 2016– Mar 2016 |
Cross sectional | Suspected ZIKV infections | DENV | 18 | 38 | 47.7% | 2c |
| Waggoner et al13 (2016) | Nicaragua | N/A | Sept 2015– Apr 2016 |
Cross sectional | Suspected arbovirus infections | CHIKV/ DENV |
6 | 75 | 8.0% | 2c |
| Carrillo-Hernández et al9 (2018) | Colombia | East | Aug 2015– Apr 2016 |
Cross sectional | Suspected arbovirus infections | CHIKV/ DENV |
8 | 29 | 27.6% | 2c |
*Online supplementary table 2 gives details of all study populations in cohort studies and case reports.
†All articles were rated according to level of evidence using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine's Levels of Evidence, March 2009.11
‡Cases originated from the National Surveillance System in Public Health from Colombia. Therefore, cases come from all over Colombia, with the condition of living in a place 2200 m above sea level.
CHIKV, chikungunya virus; DENV, dengue virus; N/A, not available; ZIKV, Zika virus.