Table 4.
Description of environmental chemical biomarkers measured in HOME Study mothers during pregnancy and their children at 8 years of age (Cincinnati, Ohio; enrolled 2003–2006)
| Chemical | Chemical class | Matrix | Gestational (mother) | Age 8 years (child) | ||
| N | Median (25th, 75th) | N | Median (25th, 75th) | |||
| Benzophenone-3 (ng/mL) | Phenols | Urine | 400 | 25 (7.1, 105) | 234 | 24 (6.8, 132) |
| Triclosan (ng/mL) | Phenols | Urine | 400 | 16 (6.4, 49) | 234 | 12 (3.8, 35) |
| Bisphenol A (ng/mL) | Phenols | Urine | 400 | 1.9 (1.0, 3.2) | 234 | 1.6 (1, 3.4) |
| ∑Paraben (ng/mL)* | Phenols | Urine | 400 | 206 (88, 506) | NA | NA |
| Mono-n-butyl phthalate (ng/mL) | Phthalates | Urine | 400 | 24 (11, 48) | 234 | 17 (8.4, 31) |
| Monobenzyl phthalate (ng/mL) | Phthalates | Urine | 400 | 8.8 (3.9, 18) | 234 | 8.5 (4.6, 23) |
| Mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (ng/mL) | Phthalates | Urine | 400 | 2.3 (1.1, 3.8) | 234 | 4.1 (2.3, 7.9) |
| Monoisobutyl phthalate (ng/L) | Phthalates | Urine | 400 | 4.7 (2, 9.1) | 234 | 11 (5.6, 20) |
| Monoethyl phthalate (ng/mL) | Phthalates | Urine | 400 | 129 (58, 276) | 234 | 24 (11, 55) |
| ΣDEHP (ng/mL)† | Phthalates | Urine | 400 | 87 (44, 164) | 234 | 51 (31, 91) |
| Arsenic (ng/mL) | Metals | Urine | 321 | 4.9 (2.3, 9.3) | NA | NA |
| Mercury (ng/mL) | Metals | Blood | 388 | 0.6 (0.4, 1.0) | 203 | 0.2 (0.2, 0.4) |
| Cadmium (ng/mL) | Metals | Urine | 321 | 0.1 (0.07, 0.2) | NA | NA |
| Lead (μg/dL) | Metals | Blood | 400 | 0.7 (0.5, 0.8) | 203 | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) |
| ∑DAP (ng/mL)‡ | Organophosphate pesticides | Urine | 393 | 11 (5.2, 24) | NA | NA |
| 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (ng/mL) | Pyrethroid pesticides | Urine | 399 | 0.3 (0.1, 0.7) | NA | NA |
| p, p′-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (ng/g lipid) | Organochlorine pesticides | Serum | 375 | 71 (54, 101) | 199 | 42 (30, 58) |
| Hexachlorobenzene (ng/g lipid) | Organochlorine pesticides | Serum | 318 | 7.1 (5.7, 8.8) | 198 | 7.8 (5.9, 9) |
| Oxychlordane (ng/g lipid) | Organochlorine pesticides | Serum | 310 | 5.1 (3.6, 7.2) | 174 | 2.8 (2.3, 5.4) |
| trans-Nonachlor (ng/g lipid) | Organochlorine pesticides | Serum | 325 | 7.4 (5.1, 12) | 196 | 4.2 (2.4, 7.2) |
| ∑4PCB (ng/g lipid)§ | Polychlorinated biphenyls | Serum | 363 | 30 (21, 43) | 198 | 12 (7.3, 22) |
| Polybrominated diphenyl ether-47 (ng/g lipid) | Polybrominated diphenyl ethers | Serum | 375 | 19 (11, 35) | 199 | 19 (10, 39) |
| Perfluorohexane sulfonate (ng/mL) | Perfluoroalkyl substances | Serum | 370 | 1.5 (0.9, 2.3) | 200 | 1.3 (0.9, 2) |
| Perfluorooctanoate (ng/mL) | Perfluoroalkyl substances | Serum | 370 | 5.4 (3.6, 7.6) | 200 | 2.4 (1.7, 3.1) |
| Perfluorooctane sulfonate (ng/mL) | Perfluoroalkyl substances | Serum | 370 | 13 (9, 18) | 200 | 3.6 (2.7, 4.9) |
| Perfluorononanoate (ng/mL) | Perfluoroalkyl substances | Serum | 370 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 200 | 0.7 (0.5, 1) |
| Cotinine (ng/mL) | Tobacco smoke exposure | Serum | 400 | 0.03 (0.01, 0.2) | NA | NA |
*∑Paraben is the molar sum of methylparaben, propylparaben and butylparaben (expressed in ng/mL of methylparaben concentrations).
†∑DEHP (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) is the molar sum of its urinary metabolites MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP and MECPP (expressed in ng/mL as MECPP concentration).
‡∑DAP (dialkyl phosphate) is the molar sum of DEDTP, DEP, DETP, DMDTP, DMP and DMTP (expressed in ng/mL as DEDTP concentration).
§∑4PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) is the sum of PCB 138/158, PCB 118, PCB 153 and PCB 180.
DEDTP, diethyldithiophosphate; DEP, diethylphosphate; DETP, diethylthiophosphate; DMDTP, dimethyldithiophosphate.; DMP, dimethylphosphate; DMTP, dimethylthiophosphate; HOME, The Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment; MECPP, mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate; MEHHP, mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate; MEHP, mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; MEOHP, mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate.