Table 5.
Descriptive statistics of internalising symptoms, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk factors among HOME Study children at the 12-year study visit: stratified by child sex (Cincinnati, Ohio, 2016–2018)
| Measurement | Boys | Girls | ||
| N | Mean (SD)/N (%) | N | Mean (SD)/N (%) | |
| Internalising behaviours | ||||
| CDI total T-score | 112 | 50.1 (8.8) | 142 | 53.3 (11.1) |
| CDI Score >65* | 7 (6.3) | 20 (14.1) | ||
| SCARED total score | 112 | 18.2 (10.4) | 142 | 23.8 (13.8) |
| SCARED Score >25* | 25 (22.3) | 67 (47.2) | ||
| Body composition | ||||
| Whole-body adipose tissue (% body weight) | 105 | 29.7 (6.6) | 130 | 34.4 (6.6) |
| Whole-body lean tissue mass (kg) | 105 | 33.1 (8.1) | 130 | 32.6 (8.5) |
| Whole-body bone mineral content (g) | 105 | 1518 (347) | 130 | 1599 (366) |
| Whole-body bone mineral density z-score | 105 | −0.46 (0.95) | 130 | −0.38 (0.98) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 110 | 19.7 (4.6) | 136 | 21.7 (5.9) |
| Overweight (BMI z-score >1)† | 28 (25.4) | 58 (42.7) | ||
| Obese (BMI z-score >2)† | 4 (3.6) | 12 (8.9) | ||
| Cardiometabolic risk factors | ||||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 98 | 93.3 (6.6) | 105 | 90.3 (5.8) |
| Elevated glucose (>100 mg/dL) | 16 (16.3) | 5 (4.8) | ||
| Insulin (mIU/mL) | 98 | 11.7 (7.2) | 106 | 18.4 (12.2) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 98 | 88.5 (56.8) | 105 | 86.6 (41.3) |
| Elevated triglycerides (>90 mg/dL) | 30 (30.6) | 37 (35.2) | ||
| High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 98 | 53.8 (13.3) | 105 | 51.7 (10.7) |
| Decreased high-density lipoprotein (<40 mg/dL) | 18 (18.4) | 14 (13.3) | ||
| Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 98 | 88.7 (22.8) | 105 | 85.4 (28) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 110 | 104 (8.4) | 136 | 103 (9.1) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 110 | 58 (5.5) | 136 | 58 (6) |
*Scores above these values are indicative of potentially clinically significant depression or anxiety disorders.
†Overweight and obesity are defined as having an age-specific and sex-specific BMI z-score >1 and >2 SD scores based on Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Growth Charts, respectively.
BMI, body mass index; CDI, Child Depression Inventory; HOME, The Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment; SCARED, Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders.