Table 2.
Distribution of sociodemographic and clinical factors by chest radiograph findings among hospitalised children from January 2015 to April 2017
| Interpretable chest X-rays | Abnormal chest X-rays | ||||||
| n=2829 | Normal 1852 n (%) |
Abnormal 977 n (%) |
P value | PEP* alone or with other infiltrates 635 n (%) |
Other infiltrates 342 n (%) |
P value | |
|
Participating site (row %) |
|||||||
| Lucknow | 1025 | 636 (62.05) |
389 (37.95) |
<0.0001 | 282 (72.49) |
107 (27.51) |
<0.0001 |
| Etawah | 389 | 275 (70.69) |
114 (29.31) |
73 (64.04) |
41 (35.96) |
||
| Patna | 744 | 457 (61.42) |
287 (38.58) |
184 (64.11) |
103 (35.89) |
||
| Darbhanga | 671 | 484 (72.13) |
187 (27.87) |
96 (51.34) |
91 (48.66) |
||
|
Sociodemographic and clinical factors (column %) |
|||||||
| Age group (months) | |||||||
| 2–11 | 1865 | 1223 (66.04) |
642 (65.71) |
0.86 | 409 (64.41) |
233 (68.13) |
0.26 |
| 12–59 | 964 | 629 (33.96) |
335 (34.29) |
226 (35.59) |
109 (31.87) |
||
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 2005 | 1354 (73.11) |
651 (66.63) |
<0.0001 | 426 (67.09) |
225 (65.79) |
0.72 |
| Female | 824 | 498 (26.89) |
326 (33.37) |
209 (32.91) |
117 (34.21) |
||
| Place of residence | |||||||
| Rural | 1392 | 921 (49.73) |
471 (48.21) |
0.44 | 299 (47.09) |
172 (50.29) |
0.34 |
| Urban | 1437 | 931 (50.27) |
506 (51.79) |
336 (52.91) |
170 (49.71) |
||
| Biomass fuel | |||||||
| Yes | 1501 | 867 (46.81) |
461 (47.19) |
0.44 | 294 (42.30) |
167 (48.83) |
0.24 |
| No | 1328 | 985 (53.19) |
516 (52.81) |
341 (53.70) |
175 (51.17) |
||
| Immunisation status | |||||||
| Complete for age | 2347 | 1546 (83.48) |
801 (81.99) |
0.32 | 516 (81.26) |
285 (83.33) |
0.54 |
| Incomplete | 482 | 306 (16.52) |
176 (18.01) |
119 (18.74) |
57 (16.67) |
||
| Clinical features | |||||||
| Fever | 2499 | 1616 (87.26) |
883 (90.38) |
0.014 | 575 (90.55) |
308 (90.06) |
0.82 |
| Pallor | 764 | 465 (25.11) |
299 (30.60) |
0.002 | 200 (31.50) |
99 (28.95) |
0.41 |
| Wheeze on auscultation | 2054 | 1377 (74.35) |
677 (69.29) |
0.005 | 415 (65.35) |
262 (76.61) |
0.0003 |
| Duration of illness fever (days) (n, mean±SD) |
2499 | 1611, 3.91±2.51 |
888, 4.40±2.70 |
<0.0001 | 577, 4.57±2.82 |
342, 4.08±2.44 |
0.011 |
| Respiratory rate | |||||||
| Respiratory rate (2–11 months) (n, mean±SD) |
1865 | 1243 55.52±11.29 |
642 57.99±11.70 |
<0.0001 | 409 58.12±11.88 |
233 57.74±11.40 |
0.69 |
| Respiratory rate (12–59 months) (n, mean±SD) |
964 | 629 49.78±12.41 |
335 51.28±13.37 |
0.08 | 226 51.35±13.31 |
109 51.12±13.35 |
0.88 |
| Fast breathing for age (2–11 months) | 1735 | 1130 (61.02) |
605 (61.92) |
0.11 | 384 (60.47) |
221 (64.62) |
0.69 |
| Fast breathing for age (12–59 months) |
862 | 562 (30.35) |
300 (30.71) |
0.92 | 204 (32.13) |
96 (28.07) |
0.53 |
| Signs of pneumonia with a general danger sign n (%) | |||||||
| Lethargy or reduced level of consciousness | 1101 | 732 (39.52) |
369 (37.77) |
0.39 | 247 (38.90) |
122 (35.67) |
0.33 |
| Inability to breast feed or drink | 937 | 612 (33.05) |
325 (33.27) |
0.46 | 211 (33.23) |
114 (33.33) |
0.97 |
| Convulsions | 148 | 98 (5.29) |
50 (5.12) |
0.93 | 33 (5.20) |
17 (4.97) |
0.87 |
| Central cyanosis | 62 | 39 (2.11) |
23 (2.35) |
0.34 | 16 (2.52) |
7 (2.05) |
0.64 |
| Malnutrition status | |||||||
| Normal* | 1880 | 1293 (69.82) |
587 (60.08) |
<0.0001 | 367 (57.80) |
220 (64.33) |
0.06 |
| Malnutrition* | 517 | 333 (17.98) |
184 (18.83) |
122 (19.21) |
62 (18.13) |
||
| Severe malnutrition* | 432 | 226 (12.20) |
206 (21.08) |
146 (22.99) |
60 (17.54) |
||
*Normal: weight-of-age z-score >−2 SD; malnutrition: weight-for-age z-score ≤−2 SD and severe: malnutrition weight-for-age z-score ≤−3 SD.