Table 3.

Comparison of clinical and procedure factors and outcomes between non-target zone placement and target zone placement.

	Non-target zone placement (n=11)	Target zone placement (n=27)	P value
Patient characteristics
Sex (male), n (%)	10 (90.9)	17 (63.0)	0.124
Age (years) ≥65, n (%)	0 (0)	5 (18.5)	0.295
Blunt mechanism, n (%)	11 (100)	24 (88.9)	0.542
SBP <80, n (%)	7 (63.6)	14 (51.9)	0.721
GCS 3–8, n (%)	6 (54.5)	15 (55.6)	1.000
ISS ≥40, n (%)	6 (54.5)	9 (33.3)	0.285
DOA, n (%)	2 (18.2)	4 (14.8)	1.000
Major bleeding source
Chest, n (%)	1 (9.1)	2 (7.4)	0.097
Abdominal, n (%)	2 (18.2)	15 (55.6)
Pelvis, n (%)	7 (63.6)	7 (25.9)
Others, n (%)	1 (9.1)	3 (11.1)
Technical characteristics
Femoral approach side (right), n (%)	6 (54.5)	23 (85.2)	0.088
Operator specialty*
Surgeon, n (%)	7 (63.0)	17 (63.6)	1.000
Radiologist, n (%)	4 (37.0)	10 (36.4)
Operator seniority†
Resident (PGY 3–5), n (%)	1 (9.1)	4 (14.8)	0.241
Junior faculty (PGY 6–10), n (%)	1 (9.1)	9 (33.3)
Senior faculty (PGY 11–), n (%)	9 (81.8)	14 (51.9)
Switch from resuscitative thoracotomy, n (%)	1 (9.1)	8 (29.6)	0.237
REBOA catheter size
10 Fr sheath, n (%)	8 (72.7)	15 (55.6))	0.160
7 Fr sheath, n (%)	3 (27.3)	12 (44.4))
Clinical outcomes
REBOA-related complications, n (%)	0 (0)	2 (7.4)	0.542
24-hour mortality, n (%)	4 (36.4)	15 (55.6)	0.476
In-hospital mortality, n (%)	4 (36.4)	18 (66.7)	0.147

Categorical variables are presented as number (%).

*Seven surgeons and four radiologists performed REBOA procedures.

†One resident, five junior faculties, and nine senior faculties performed REBOA procedures. Postgraduate year was recorded when each operator performed the procedure as this was a long-term study.

DOA, dead on arrival; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ISS, injury severity score; REBOA, resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta; SBP, systolic blood pressure.