Table 2.

Current literature on diseases-poverty nexus across countries.

Authors	Country	Time Period	Determinants of Poverty	Results
Sangar et al. (2019)	India	Survey period 2004	Out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures and non-communicable diseases (NCD)	NCD put huge pressure on economic and healthcare resources that negatively impact on increase poverty headcounts in a country.
Dong et al. (2019)	China	2012–2014	TB, Hospital admission rate, number of outpatient visits, and healthcare services	Poor patients have a high admission rate in TB hospitals, while more than 15% of poor patients get good medication adherence. Thus, the poor get more benefits in terms of utilization of healthcare services in a country.
Xu et al. (2020)	China	467 respondents data	Diseases and social capital	Diseases cause poverty incidence that mediates with social capital.
Khan et al. (2019a)	7 Asian countries	2005–2017	Natural disasters, healthcare expenditures and economic growth	Natural disasters increase poverty headcounts while healthcare expenditures alleviate poverty across countries.
Tran et al. (2019)	Vietnam	2016–2017	gallstone diseases, healthcare expenditures, and health insurance	The gallstone disease put a high burden on healthcare expenditures, which largely increase healthcare insurance premium in a country.
Farooq et al. (2019)	47 countries	1991–2017	Trade, social expenditures, and healthcare expenditures	Life expectancy increases by social and healthcare expenditures while trade –induced healthcare inputs further support country’s healthcare infrastructure.
Cinaroglu and Baser (2019)	Turkey	2003–2015	Out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures, and income inequality	Healthcare disparities largely affected poor community more than non-poor.
Carrasco-Escobar et al. (2020)	Peru	2015–2017	TB and PM2.5 emissions concentration	Air pollutant and incidence of TB put a burden on poor people that cause high poverty headcounts.
Liu et al. (2020)	China	2016–2017	TB, out-of-patient healthcare expenditures, and income inequality	The larger medical expenditures associated with TB diagnosis and its prevention leads to increase the overall cost of TB care that largely affected the poorest households.
Were et al. (2019)	Kenya	2006–2013	Malaria prevalence, household income, and healthcare inequalities	The prevalence of malaria infection largely affected the poorest households as compared to the less poor.
Saleem et al. (2019)	21 countries	1990–2016	TB, healthcare expenditures, mortality rate, and environmental pollutants	The higher risk of maternal death and under −5 mortality rate is associated with high healthcare expenditures, while the depth of food deficit causes a greater chance of increase TB incidence across countries.
Batool et al. (2019)	Meta analysis	Review of 42 scholarly papers	Environmental factors and healthcare spending	Environmental pollutants directly affected the community health that cause healthcare costs across countries.
Zhou et al. (2020)	China	2017	Non-communicable diseases, farmers income, household size, and health status	Poverty increases in rural China is mainly attributed to increase non-communicable diseases that affect household head/family members. The shortage of healthcare resources cause more poverty in the region.
Sumner et al. (2020)	138 countries	2019–2030	COVID-19, economic growth, and income inequality.	COVID-19 posed serious challenges to the globalized world in the form of increasing global poverty incidence that projected to increase poor headcount by 420–580 million relative to 2018 estimates.
Van Lancker and Parolin (2020)	Europe and the USA.	2019–2020	COVID-19 and School closure	Child poverty is exacerbated due to school closures, although it was necessary to contained coronavirus through social distancing among the students.
Ahmed et al. (2020)	USA	2019–2020	COVID-19 and inequality	Healthcare inequality is the leading factor that unable to controlled COVID-19 pandemic that exacerbate global poverty.
Tosam et al. (2019)	Low and middle income countries	1940–2000	Ebola virus, healthcare disparity, and inequality	Effect of Ebola virus largely retained on the poor nations because of high inequality and healthcare disparities.
Dhama et al. (2020)	Global data	2019–2020	SARS, MERS, COVID-19	Infectious diseases should be retained by adopting preventive measures, which would be helpful to reduce social crisis.