Table 2.
Univariable analysis of demographic and clinical risk factors for testing positive for SARS-CoV-2
| SARS-CoV-2 positivity | Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | .. | .. | <0·0001 | |
| 0–17 | 23/499 (4·6%) | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| 18–39 | 84/666 (12·6%) | 2·98 (1·85–4·81) | .. | |
| 40–64 | 243/1316 (18·5%) | 4·69 (3·00–7·28) | .. | |
| 65–74 | 88/557 (15·8%) | 3·88 (2·40–6·25) | .. | |
| ≥75 | 149/764 (19·5%) | 5·00 (3·18–7·90) | .. | |
| Sex | .. | .. | <0·0001 | |
| Female | 291/2190 (13·3%) | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Male | 296/1612 (18·4%) | 1·47 (1·23–1·75) | .. | |
| Ethnicity | .. | .. | <0·0001 | |
| White | 388/2497 (15·5%) | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Asian | 47/152 (30·9%) | 2·43 (1·70–3·49) | .. | |
| Black | 36/58 (62·1%) | 8·90 (5·20–15·30) | .. | |
| Mixed, other | 20/81 (24·7%) | 1·78 (1·10–2·90) | .. | |
| Missing | 96/1014 (9·5%) | 0·57 (0·45–0·72) | .. | |
| Socioeconomic deprivation level* | .. | .. | <0·0001 | |
| 5 (least deprived) | 143/1855 (7·7%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | |
| 4 | 112/633 (17·7%) | 2·58 (1·97–3·36) | .. | |
| 3 | 135/646 (20·9%) | 3·16 (2·45–4·10) | .. | |
| 1 and 2 (most deprived) | 197/668 (29·5%) | 5·01 (3·95–6·35) | .. | |
| Household size | .. | .. | <0·0001 | |
| 1 | 163/824 (19·8%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | |
| 2–4 | 320/2341 (13·7%) | 0·64 (0·52–0·79) | .. | |
| 5–8 | 53/408 (13·0%) | 0·61 (0·43–0·85) | .. | |
| ≥9 | 35/135 (25·9%) | 1·42 (0·93–2·16) | .. | |
| Missing | 16/94 (17·0%) | 0·83 (0·47–1·46) | .. | |
| Settlement or population density | <0·0001 | |||
| Rural | 111/1986 (5·6%) | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Urban | 476/1816 (26·2%) | 6·00 (4·82–7·46) | .. | |
| Smoking status | .. | .. | <0·0001 | |
| Non-smoker | 201/1125 (17·9%) | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Active smoker | 47/413 (11·4%) | 0·59 (0·42–0·83) | .. | |
| Ex-smoker | 303/1753 (17·3%) | 0·96 (0·79–1·17) | .. | |
| Missing | 36/511 (7·0%) | 0·35 (0·24–0·51) | .. | |
| Pregnancy | .. | .. | 0·0400 | |
| No | 583/3742 (15·6%) | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Yes | 4/60 (6·7%) | 0·39 (0·14–1·10) | .. | |
| BMI† | .. | .. | <0·0001 | |
| Normal weight | 171/1296 (13·2%) | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Overweight | 198/1095 (18·1%) | 1·45 (1·20–1·80) | .. | |
| Obese | 142/680 (20·9%) | 1·74 (1·36–2·20) | .. | |
| Severely obese | 26/145 (17·9%) | 1·44 (0·91–2·27) | .. | |
| Missing | 50/586 (8·5%) | 0·61 (0·44–0·85) | .. | |
| Hypertension | .. | .. | <0·0001 | |
| No | 378/2708 (14·0%) | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Yes | 209/1094 (19·1%) | 1·46 (1·20–1·75) | .. | |
| Chronic kidney disease | .. | .. | <0·0001 | |
| No | 519/3595 (14·4%) | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Yes | 68/207 (32·9%) | 2·90 (2·14–3·93) | .. | |
| Diabetes | .. | .. | <0·0001 | |
| No | 473/3299 (14·3%) | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Yes | 114/503 (22·7%) | 1·75 (1·40–2·20) | .. | |
| Chronic heart disease | .. | .. | <0·0001 | |
| No | 451/3202 (14·1%) | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Yes | 136/600 (22·7%) | 1·79 (1·44–2·20) | .. | |
| Chronic respiratory disease | .. | .. | <0·0001 | |
| No | 529/3544 (14·9%) | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Yes | 58/258 (22·5%) | 1·65 (1·21–2·25) | .. | |
| Malignancy or immunocompromised | .. | .. | 0·0010 | |
| No | 460/3164 (14·5%) | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Yes | 127/638 (19·9%) | 1·46 (1·17–1·82) | .. | |
Data are n/N (%), unless otherwise indicated. SARS-CoV-2=severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. BMI=body-mass index.
*
Socioeconomic deprivation level was assessed at the practice level using the English Index of Multiple Deprivation quintiles.23
†
BMI categories were based on WHO classification24 (normal weight 18·5–24·9 kg/m2, overweight 25·0–29·9 kg/m2, obese 30·0–39·9 kg/m2, severely obese ≥40 kg/m2).