Table 3.
Multivariable analysis of risk factors for testing positive for SARS-CoV-2
| Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | .. | <0·0001 | |
| 0–17 | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| 18–39 | 2·83 (1·69–4·74) | .. | |
| 40–64 | 5·36 (3·28–8·76) | .. | |
| 65–74 | 4·41 (2·52–7·69) | .. | |
| ≥75 | 5·23 (3·00–9·09) | .. | |
| Sex | .. | <0·0001 | |
| Female | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Male | 1·55 (1·27–1·89) | .. | |
| Ethnicity | .. | <0·0001 | |
| White | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Asian | 1·46 (0·94–2·29) | .. | |
| Black | 4·75 (2·65–8·51) | .. | |
| Mixed, other | 1·71 (0·97–3·01) | .. | |
| Socioeconomic deprivation level* | .. | <0·0001 | |
| 5 (least deprived) | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| 4 | 1·51 (1·13–2·03) | .. | |
| 3 | 2·35 (1·78–3·11) | .. | |
| 1 and 2 (most deprived) | 2·03 (1·51–2·71) | .. | |
| Household size | .. | 0·4900 | |
| 1 | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| 2–4 | 0·97 (0·77–1·23) | .. | |
| 5–8 | 0·86 (0·57–1·31) | .. | |
| ≥9 | 1·29 (0·80–2·07) | .. | |
| Settlement or population density | .. | <0·0001 | |
| Rural | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Urban | 4·59 (3·57–5·90) | .. | |
| Smoking status | .. | 0·0010 | |
| Non-smoker | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Active smoker | 0·49 (0·34–0·71) | .. | |
| Ex-smoker | 0·87 (0·69–1·10) | .. | |
| BMI† | .. | 0·0090 | |
| Normal weight | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Overweight | 1·26 (0·99–1·61) | .. | |
| Obese | 1·41 (1·04–1·91) | .. | |
| Severely obese | 1·28 (0·78–2·10) | .. | |
| Hypertension | .. | 0·3100 | |
| No | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Yes | 0·89 (0·69–1·14) | .. | |
| Chronic kidney disease | .. | <0·0001 | |
| No | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Yes | 1·91 (1·31–2·78) | .. | |
| Diabetes | .. | 0·8300 | |
| No | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Yes | 1·03 (0·78–1·36) | .. | |
| Chronic heart disease | .. | 0·1800 | |
| No | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Yes | 1·21 (0·92–1·60) | .. | |
| Chronic respiratory disease | .. | 0·8200 | |
| No | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Yes | 1·04 (0·72–1·50) | .. | |
| Malignancy or immunocompromised | .. | 0·9800 | |
| No | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Yes | 1·01 (0·78–1·31) | .. | |
SARS-CoV-2=severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. BMI=body-mass index.
*
Socioeconomic deprivation level was assessed at the practice level using the English Index of Multiple Deprivation quintiles.23
†
BMI categories were based on WHO classification24 (normal weight 18·5–24·9 kg/m2, overweight 25·0–29·9 kg/m2, obese 30·0–39·9 kg/m2, severely obese ≥40 kg/m2).