Table 1.
Characteristics and applications of osteogenic microcarriers.
| Microcarrier bulk materials | Diameter (μm) | Bone progenitor cells | Target (in-vitro/in-vivo) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dextran (Cytodex-1,2,3) and gelatin (Cytodex-2,3) | 150–250 | Osteoblasts, osteoblast precursor cells, MC3T3-E1 cells, fetal rat calvarial cells, rat bone MSC | In-vitro static and dynamic (high aspect ratio vessel) culture |
| Chitosan and hydroxyapatite | 220–710 | MC3T3-E1 cells | In-vitro static culture |
| Pullulan and silk-fibroin | 100–215 | Human osteosarcoma SaOS-2 cells | In-vitro static and dynamic (orbital shaker) culture |
| Gelatin (Cultispher-S, etc.) and α-tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, or silk-fibroin | 20–652.3 | UMR-106 rat osteosarcoma cells, rat bone MSC, rat ear MSC, SaOS-2 cells, human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells, mouse bone MSC, MC3T3-E1 cells | In-vitro static, poly(lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) scaffold, and dynamic (spinner flask) culture; In-vivo rat subcutaneous site, long-bone defect, and periodontal defect |
| Type I Collagen (Cellagen®, etc.) and hydroxyapatite, α-tricalcium phosphate, calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite, apatite | 30–1038 | Human and rat osteoblasts, SaOS-2 cells, rat bone MSC, human MSC | In-vitro dynamic (spinner flask) and static culture; In-vivo rat calvarial defect and rabbit femoral defect |
| Calcium silicate | 241 | MC3T3-E1 cells | In-vitro static culture |
| 45S5 Bioglass and polylactic acid or poly(lactic-co-caprolactone) | 100–432 | Rat bone MSC, MC3T3-E1 cells | In-vitro dynamic (rotating-wall or high aspect ratio vessel) and static culture |
| Phosphate-based (0.4P2O5:0.16CaO:0.175–0.2Na2O:0.24MgO:0–0.025Ti) glass | 100–200 | Autologous bone marrow concentrate cells | In-vivo sheep knee bone defect |
| Calcium titanium phosphate and alginate | 50–796 | Rat bone MSC, MG-63 cells | In-vitro static and dynamic (spinner flask) culture |
| Hydroxyapatite and alginate, α-tricalcium phosphate, or β-tricalcium phosphate | 100–749 | MG-63 cells, goat MSC, MC3T3-E1 cells, human osteoblastic cells, human bone and adipose MSC | In-vitro static culture; In-vivo mouse subcutaneous site, mouse calvarial defect, mouse mandibular defect, rabbit calvarial defect |
| α-Tricalcium phosphate and alginate | 100–500 | MC3T3-E1 cells | In-vitro static culture |
| Polystyrene and type I collagen | 125–212 | Human placental multipotent cells, human embryonic stem cell-derived MSC, bone MSC, mouse MSC (C3H10T1/2) | In-vitro static culture |
| Polylactic acid | 150–250 | MG-63 cells | In-vitro static culture |
| Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate, or polyphosphate | 50–860 | Mouse osteoblast-like OCT-1 cells, SaOS-2 cells, rat osteoblasts, human MSC | In-vitro static and dynamic (high aspect ratio vessel) culture; In-vivo mouse subcutaneous site and rat calvarial defect |