Table 1.
Final plasma biochemistries and intestinal gene expression
| AC | AC+Casein | Non-AC+Casein | Disease | Diet | Interaction | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL | CKD | NL | CKD | NL | CKD | ||||
| Plasma Biochemistries | |||||||||
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | n=7 | n=10 | n=6 | n=11 | n=9 | n=9 | <0.001 | 0.0393 | 0.0387 |
| 0.48±0.03 | 1.26±0.24 | 0.52±0.22 | 0.98±0.30 | 0.46±0.10 | 0.80±0.19 | ||||
| BUN (mg/dl) | n=8 | n=10 | n=8 | n=11 | n=10 | n=9 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.1847 |
| 21.23±2.25 | 47.35±2.36 | 21.30±2.84 | 49.12±6.25 | 15.60±1.60 | 38.78±4.78 | ||||
| Calcium (mg/dl) | n=8 | n=10 | n=8 | n=10 | n=10 | n=9 | 0.0797 | <0.001 | 0.2021 |
| 6.26±0.69 | 6.49±0.73 | 6.83±1.05 | 8.14±1.51 | 5.88±0.98 | 5.95±1.41 | ||||
| Phosphorus (mg/dl) | n=8 | n=10 | n=7 | n=11 | n=10 | n=9 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.0430 |
| 4.79±0.53 | 5.96±0.43 | 5.67±1.03 | 9.66±4.19 | 5.62±1.40 | 5.92±1.07 | ||||
| iPTH (pg/ml) | n=8 | n=10 | n=7 | n=11 | n=10 | n=8 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 93.65±17.05 | 357.9±154.7 | 135.0±42.95 | 2005±1631.3 | 852.4± 295.9 |
1471±582.8 | ||||
| iFGF23 (pg/ml) | n=5 | n=10 | n=6 | n=9 | n=10 | n=9 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.2841 |
| 539.6±64.84 | 2291±1186 | 715.9±152.0 | 3038±979.4 | 492.0±57.15 | 1870±437.3 | ||||
| c-terminal FGF23 (pg/ml) | n=7 | n=10 | n=8 | n=8 | n=7 | n=8 | <0.001 | 0.0064 | 0.0117 |
| 290.9±56.27 | 1720±771.7 | 434.5±124.5 | 2683±1290.5 | 531.8±124.8 | 1625±689.4 | ||||
| Total AGEs (ug/ml) | n=5 | n=8 | n=5 | n=10 | n=5 | n=7 | 0.1894 | <0.001 | 0.6418 |
| 33.52±2.19 | 30.91±4.62 | 28.39±4.00 | 28.36±4.78 | 22.49±2.03 | 19.95±3.50 | ||||
|
8OHdG (ng/ml) |
n=7 | n=8 | n=8 | n=8 | n=7 | n=8 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.0317 |
| 7.18±1.15 | 15.41±4.55 | 7.55±1.64 | 13.23±3.90 | 6.17±2.46 | 7.33±2.39 | ||||
| Duodenum and Jejunum Gene Expression | |||||||||
| Jejunum Napi2b | n=7 | n=8 | n=8 | n=11 | n=9 | n=8 | 0.3676 | 0.0484 | 0.8330 |
| 0.72±0.42 | 0.52±0.28 | 0.58±0.44 | 0.48±0.57 | 0.70±0.17 | 0.67±0.19 | ||||
| Jejunum Pit1 | n=8 | n=10 | n=7 | n=11 | n=9 | n=8 | 0.0534 | 0.0110 | 0.4380 |
| 0.70±0.43 | 0.75±0.28 | 0.32±0.13 | 0.61±0.35 | 0.68±0.14 | 0.80±0.19 | ||||
| Duodenum RAGE | n=7 | n=10 | n=8 | n=10 | n=9 | n=9 | |||
| 1.34±0.22 | 1.83±0.70 | 2.00±0.73 | 2.34±1.56 | 0.17±0.02 | 0.14±0.06 | 0.2341 | <0.001 | 0.6227 | |
| Jejunum RAGE | n=8 | n=9 | n=8 | n=11 | n=10 | n=9 | 0.7867 | <0.001 | 0.9575 |
| 1.57±0.70 | 1.502±0.61 | 3.34±1.06 | 3.18±1.66 | 0.17±0.06 | 0.19±0.09 | ||||
| Duodenum NOX2 | n=6 | n=9 | n=7 | n=10 | n=8 | n=9 | 0.6243 | <0.001 | 0.1876 |
| 1.79±1.19 | 1.65±0.69 | 2.38±1.18 | 3.19±2.05 | 7.97±1.17 | 6.54±2.86 | ||||
| Jejunum NOX2 | n=7 | n=9 | n=7 | n=10 | n=10 | n=9 | 0.0505 | <0.001 | 0.3718 |
| 2.74±1.56 | 2.12±0.64 | 7.39±6.93 | 3.50±1.91 | 16.15±6.78 | 13.84±4.76 | ||||
| Duodenum DUOX2 | n=7 | n=9 | n=7 | n=5 | n=7 | n=7 | 0.6290 | <0.001 | 0.5532 |
| 2.13±1.51 | 1.91±1.69 | 2.20±1.38 | 1.24±0.35 | 0.33±0.30 | 0.40±0.32 | ||||
| Jejunum DUOX2 | n=7 | n=8 | n=8 | n=11 | n=10 | n=8 | 0.7987 | <0.001 | 0.4671 |
| 28.13±43.60 | 11.10±5.46 | 10.15±6.98 | 32.46±40.73 | 0.55±0.24 | 0.95±0.48 | ||||
Data presented as mean ± SD. AC, autoclaved diet; Non-AC, non-autoclaved diet; NL, normal kidney function; CKD, chronic kidney disease; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; iFGF23, intact fibroblast growth factor-23; 8OHdG, 8-Oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine; NaPi2b, sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 2b; PiT1, type III phosphate transporter 1; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; NOX2, NADPH-oxidase 2; DUOX2, dual NADPH oxidase 2. All gene expression was normalized using b-actin as housekeeping gene. Bold depicts statistical significance (p<0.05).