Fig. 3.

Chronic DMPP improves glucose tolerance independent of body weight loss and specifically via CHRNB4. (a, b) Body weight loss (in %) and cumulative food intake (in g) of DMPP-treated and vehicle-treated DIO WT mice with either ad libitum (Ad lib) food access or pair-fed to mice receiving 10 mg/kg DMPP for 10 days. (c) Glucose tolerance with incremental AUC (iAUC) conducted 18 h after the seventh injection of daily vehicle or DMPP (i.e. day 7). (d) Plasma glucose (at 0 and 30 min) and (e) plasma insulin at 30 min after i.p. injection of glucose (injected at time point 0 min), 18 h after the tenth injection of daily vehicle or DMPP (i.e. day 10). (f, g) Body weight loss (in %) and cumulative food intake (in g) in DIO WT or Chrnb4 KO mice receiving vehicle or DMPP. (h) Glucose tolerance with respective iAUC 18 h after seventh injection of daily vehicle or DMPP. (i) Plasma glucose (0 and 30 min) and (j) plasma insulin at 30 min after i.p. injection of glucose (injected at time point 0 min) 18 h after tenth injection of daily vehicle or DMPP. All data are presented as mean ± SEM; (n = 7–8). Data in line graphs were assessed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA (time × drug) within genotypes with a subsequent Bonferroni post hoc test. Data in (e) and bar graph in (c) were assessed by one-way ANOVA, and with a subsequent Bonferroni post hoc test (for c). Data in (j) and in the bar graph in (h) were assessed with two-tailed Student’s t tests within the genotypes. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001 for vehicle compared with DMPP; ^†p ≤ 0.05, ^††p ≤ 0.01, ^†††p ≤ 0.001 for vehicle compared with pair-fed; ^‡p ≤ 0.05, ^‡‡‡p ≤ 0.001 for pair-fed compared with DMPP; ^§p ≤ 0.05, ^§§p ≤ 0.01, ^§§§p ≤ 0.001 for vehicle compared with DMPP within WT