Table 1.
Study details
| Author | Year | Journal | Country | Level of evidence | N | Age (years) | male/female | SFR | Mean operation time (min) | Average stone size (mm) | Cumulative stone diameter (mm2) | Diameter of the largest stone(mm) | Number of stones | Location | Composition | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCNL | Chatham | 2001 | Adult urology | USA | II | 45 | 49 (11–75) | 6//13 | 68% | 2.57 h (1.17–5.08) | 38 | 1432 (156–5220) | NS | NS | NS | 26% calc ox/calc phos, 21% calc ox, 16% struvite, 11% calc phos, 11% UA, 5% cystine, 5% matrix, 5% not-analyzed |
| Singh | 2001 | International urology and nephrology | India | III | 70 | 41.43 (9–70) | 68//22 | 75% | NS | NS | 928.6 | NS | NS | NS | Mixed, calc ox mono, calc ox di, and struvite stones were encountered in 48%, 14%, 17% and 21% respectively | |
| Kukreja | 2003 | Journal endourology | India | III | 84 | 47 ± 14 | 64//20 | 85.70% | NS | 1564 ± 1568 | NS | Staghorn 35 | 35 staghorn, 22 pelvic, 7 caliceal, 32 complex | NS | ||
| Al-Kohlany | 2005 | Journal of urology | Egypt | I | 43 | NS | 17//26 | 74% | 127 ± 30 | 187 ± 69 | Complete staghorn | NS | NS | NS | UA stones in 14 (28%), calc ox mono in 12 (24%), mixed calc ox and UA in 6 (12%), struvite in 5 (10%), cystine in 2 (4%), and mixed stones In 11 (22%) | |
| Handa | 2006 | Journal endourology | USA | III | 196 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
| Hegarty | 2006 | Journal endourology | USA | III | 20 | 54.4 ± 12.4 | 15//5 | 100% | NS | NS | 2157 ± 1441 (single tract); 423 ± 299 (multi tract) | NS | staghorn | NS | NS | |
| Moskovitz | 2006 | Journal endourology | Israel | II | 88 | 47 ± 16 | 47//41 | 90.00% | NS | > 150 | NS | NS | staghorn | NS | NS | |
| Yaycioglu | 2007 | Urological research | Turkey | III | 38 | 59 ± 16 | 13//6 | 72.7% IRF;84.2% NRF | 175 ± 69 | 54 ± 20 (IRF); 42 ± 24 (NRF) | NS | NS | staghorn | NS | IRF; calc ox 10, UA 4, Mg Am Phos 2, UA & calc ox 2, calc ox/phos 1. NRF calc ox 12, UA 2, UA/calc ox 2, and, Mg Am Phos 1 | |
| Kilic | 2008 | Journal endourology | Turkey | II | 24 | 36.67 ± 14.68 | 12//12 | NS | 122 ± 43 | 68.5 ± 32.7 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
| Kuzgunbay | 2010 | Journal endourology | Turkey | II | 16 | NS | NS | 75.00% | NS | NS | Complete staghorn | NS | NS | NS | calc ox 9, UA 2, UA and calc 2, Mg Am 2, calc phos and oxalate 1 | |
| Unsal | 2010 | Journal endourology | Turkey | II | 50 | 43.6 | 37//13 | 92%% | 80.5 (40–170) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
| Akman | 2012 | Journal of urology | Turkey | III | 265 | 44.4 ± 15.3 | NS | 76.50% | 80 ± 35 | NS | 1191 ± 732 | NS | staghorn | NS | calc ox in 44, MG Am phos 13, UA 13, cystine 3, calc ox and phos 5, UA& calc phos in 2, Mg Am phos & calc ox 2 | |
| Chen | 2012 | Urology | China | I | 273 | 49.2 (22–73) | 165//108 | 84.70% | 129.2 ± 27 | 55 ± 7 | NS | NS | staghorn | NS | NS | |
| Ozden | 2012 | Urology | Turkey | III | 67 | 57 ± 14.1 | 47//20 | 76.80% | 88.5 ± 5.7 | NS | 670 ± 65 | NS | staghorn 11 | Pelvis 13, Pelvis plus polar 28, Polar 14, Staghorn 11, Upper ureter 3, | 3 UA, 16 infection, 24 calc ox, 4 calc phos | |
| Fayad | 2014 | Journal endourology | Egypt | II | 102 | 39.9 (35–76) | 70//32 | 70.70% | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
| El Tabey SK | 2014 | Urology | Egypt | III | 200 | 52.3 ± 11.7 | 133/67 | 89.50% | NS | NS | NS | NS | Multiple 39, staghorn 66, single 95 | NS | NS | |
| Pérez-Fentes | 2014 | Urolithiasis | Spain | II | 30 | 60.1 ± 13.1 | 9//21 | 73% | 94 (69,134) | NS | 356 (220–820) | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
| EL-Nahas | 2016 | BJUI | Egypt | I | 42 | 50 ± 11 | 16//54 | 60% | US-130 ± 34; L-148 ± 35 | NS | L–15985 ± 8320; US–16656 ± 8211 | NS | staghorn | NS | NS | |
| Gorbachinsky | 2016 | Journal of urology | USA | II | 110 | 53 ± 15.4 | 52//58 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
| Piao* | 2016 | World journal urology | South Korea | II | 31 | 58.0 ± 13.2 | 20//11 | 85.10% | 88.6 (±66.9) | NS | 3754 ± 6757 | 19.1 ± 13.2 | 2.9 ± 2.7 | NS |
calc ox mono 81 (54.7%) calc ox di 29 (19.6%) UA29 (19.6%) Carbonate apatite 9 (6.1%) |
|
| Zhou | 2017 | Journal endourology | China | III | 178 | 53.7 ± 15.0 | 78//100 | NS | NS | 783 ± 605 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
| Shi | 2018 | BJUI | China | III | 53 | 47.34 ± 12.24 | 26//27 | 92.45% | 117.55 ± 49 | 50 ± 24.77 | NS | NS | Staghorn 17, Multiple 32 | MP 2, LP1, pelvis 1, staghorn 17, multiple 32 | NS | |
| Jiao* | 2019 | Medicine | China | III | 58 | 51.67 ± 12.29 | 39//19 | 87.93% | 90.40 ± 31.29 | 12.27 ± 4.39 | NS | NS | NS | Renal pelvis or prox ureter 7; UC/MC 25; LC 26 | NS | |
| Cho* | 2019 | Scientific reports | Korea | II | 20 | 57.3 ± 13.5 | 14//6 | 85.50% | 72.1 ± 57.0 | 17.2 ± 13.5 | 3345 ± 7115 | 17.2 ± 13.6 | 3.1 ± 3.2 | NS | calc ox mono 64 (54.7); calc ox dehydrate 20 (17.1); UA 25 (21.4); Carbonate apatite 8 (6.8) | |
| URS | Ingimarsson | 2012 | Urology | USA | II | 113 | 56 | 55//58 | 91.40% | NS | 7 ± 4 | 905 | NS | NS |
Bilateral renal or ureteropelvic junction stones without ureteral stones 71 (60.7%), renal and ureteral 21.4% Bilateral renal stones with unilateral ureteral stones 25 (21.4%) Bilateral renal stones with bilateral ureteral stones 2 (1.7%) |
calc ox 83 (71%); apatite 21 (18%); brushite 6 (5%); UAin 5 (4%); AmU in 2 (2%) |
| Sninsky | 2014 | Journal of Endourology | USA | III | 26 | 54.3 ± 14.5 | 12//14 | NS | NS | 25 ± 12 | NS | NS | NS | 45% kidney; 55% kidney & ureter | NS | |
| Hoarau | 2015 | IBJU | France | III | 163 | 52.8 ± 17 | 86//77 | 74.40% | 96.4 ± 40.78 | 15 ± 9 | NS | 12.9 ± 5.7 | NS | NS | calc ox mono 34%, calc ox dehydrate 5%, UA 8%, carbapatite 16.6%, and unknown 53% | |
| Yang B | 2016 | Urologia Internationalis | China | III | 44 | 46.3 ± 10.1 | 29//15 | 86.40% | 94.8 ± 29.0 | 26 ± 6 | NS | NS | 3.0 ± 0.8 | Pelvis (14.6%) UC (11.5%) MC (1.69%) LC 47.7%) Ureter (9.2%) | NS | |
| Piao* | 2016 | World Journal Urology | South Korea | II | 117 | 58.0 ± 13.2 | 74//43 | 85.10% | 88.6 ± 66.9 | NS | 3754 ± 6757 | 19.1 ± 13.2 | 2.9 ± 2.7 | NS | calc ox mono 81 (54.7%) calc ox di 29 (19.6%) UA29 (19.6%) Carbonate apatite 9 (6.1%) | |
| Jiao* | 2019 | Medicine | China | III | 48 | 55.69 ± 12.70 | 33//15 | 81.25% | 105.56 ± 45.76 | 12 ± 4 | NS | NS | NS | Pelvis or proximal ureter 8; UC/MC 11: LC 29 | NS | |
| Choo* | 2019 | Scientific reports | Korea | II | 97 | 57.3 ± 13.5 | 66//31 | 85.50% | 72.1 ± 57.0 | NS | 3345 ± 7115 | 17.2 ± 13.6 | 3.1 ± 3.2 | NS | calc ox mono 64 (54.7); calc ox di (17.1); UA 25 (21.4); Carbonate apatite 8 (6.8) |
*Studies listed twice as include both URS and PCNL; IRF impaired renal function; NRF normal renal function; US ultrasound group; L laser group; Calc calcium; ox oxalate; UA uric acid; phos phosphate; Mg magnesium; Am ammonium; mono monohydrate; di dihydrate; NS not specified