Fig. 6. HIV-associated gut microbiota features correlate with markers of HIV disease progression, immune activation, as well as comorbidity prevalence.

Linear mixed effects (LME) models were used to control for subgroup (F, MSM, MSW) as random effects for all analyses depicted. Linear regression lines denoted in blue with 95% confidence intervals depicted as a gradient with red representing directions for both independent and dependent variables that are associated with the PWH state (e.g. high dysbiosis index, low nadir CD4 count) and blue representing the seronegative state. a ‘Dysbiosis Index’ (DI) correlates with nadir CD4 (count/mm³), LME P = 0.003, Benjamini–Hochberg Q = 0.017, among PWH subjects (n = 80). b Shannon alpha diversity correlates with pre-ART CD4 count, LME P = 0.002, Q = 0.038. c suPAR concentrations in plasma are strongly elevated in PWH (n = 27) compared to matched seronegative controls (n = 27) by paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Benjamini–Hochberg Q-values calculated with consideration of all 1305 plasma markers quantitated by aptamer-based SomaScan assay. Boxes denote inter-quartile range, bar denotes median, and whiskers denote range. d Shannon alpha diversity correlates with plasma suPAR levels, LME P = 0.00073, Q = 0.022, n = 54 PWH. e Number of comorbidities experienced by PWH participants (n = 80) by time of sampling correlates with DI, LME P = 0.0006, Q = 0.005.