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. 2020 May 15;11:2432. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16336-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

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Fig. 5 — The In₂O_3−x/In₂O₃ heterostructure showing the In(III)′, [O] electron-trapping and O′ hole-trapping mid-gap energy states near the CB and VB edges, respectively. Included also in the diagram is the outcome of photoexcitation and relaxation of electrons and holes involving valence, conduction and mid-gap energy states.