Table 2.
Distribution of pesticide residue levels (ng/g ) in milk from five different sites of India.
| Pesticide | Bangalore (n = 216) | Bhubaneswar (n = 204) | Ludhiana (n = 258) | Guwahati (n = 270) | Udaipur (n = 235) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD (Max) | Positive | Mean ± SD (Max) | Positive | Mean ± SD (Max) | Positive | Mean ± SD (Max) | Positive | Mean ± SD (Max) | Positive | |
| β-HCH | 0.35 ± 3.02 (31) | 3 | ND | — | 0.22 ± 2.39 (35.0) | 3 | 0.45 ± 5.2 (67.0) | 2 | ND | — |
| Lindane |
0.76 ± 5.1 (42.0) |
5 | ND | — | 0.09 ± 1.5 (18.0) | 2 | 0.79 ± 7.3 (85.0) | 4 | 0.17 ± 2.6 (40.0) | 1 |
| p,p′DDE | 0.53 ± 5.3 (75.0) | 4 | 0.30 ± 2.2 (20.0) | 4 | 0.19 ± 2.19 (29.0) | 2 | 1.53 ± 10.5 (108.0) | 7 | 0.43 ± 4.0 (50.0) | 3 |
| o,p′ DDD | ND | — | 1.2 ± 12.9 (170.0) | 3 | 0.05 ± 0.8 (13.4) | 1 | 0.19 ± 2.2 (30.0) | 2 | 0.22 ± 2.4 (27.0) | 2 |
| Σ DDT | 0.53 ± 5.3 (75.0) | 4 | 1.60 ± 13.1 (170.0) | 7 | 0.24 ± 2.34 (29.0) | 3 | 1.70 ± 10.7 (138.0) | 9 |
0.60 ± 4.6 (77.0) |
5 |
| Endosulfan | 1.24 ± 9.2 (86.0) | 4 | 0.20 ± 2.0 (22.0) | 2 | ND | — | 1.21 ± 10.7 (130.0) | 4 | ND | — |
| Chlorpyrifos | 1.71 ± 11.1 (81.0) | 5 |
1.30 ± 9.1 (71.0) |
4 | 1.57 ± 10.3 (85.0) | 6 | 0.76 ± 6.5 (65.0) | 4 | 1.62 ± 12.7 (130.0) | 4 |
| Ethion | 1.05 ± 8.9 (86.0) | 3 |
0.68 ± 6.7 (73.0) |
2 | 0.80 ± 7.4 (74.0) | 3 | 1.46 ± 20.0 (320.0) | 2 | 1.02 ± 9.0 (83.0) | 3 |
| Profenophos | 0.94 ± 8.0 (74.0) | 3 | 0.32 ± 4.6 (66.0) | 1 | 0.78 ± 7.2 (71.0) | 3 | 0.25 ± 4.1 (68.0) | 1 | 0.31 ± 4.8 (73.0) | 1 |
| Cypermethrin | 1.20 ± 8.3 (76.0) | 5 | ND | — | 1.74 ± 21.4 (340.0) | 5 | 0.39 ± 3.7 (44.0) | 3 | ND | — |
| Permethrin | 0.31 ± 3.4 (45.0) | 2 | 11.1 ± 74.2 (650.0) | 5 | 0.30 ± 2.8 (32.0) | 3 | 1.80 ± 22.9 (370.0) | 4 | 28.17 ± 172.3 (1840.0) | 10 |
| Cyhalothrin | 0.11 ± 1.18 (15.0) | 2 |
0.39 ± 4.07 (50.0) |
2 | 0.62 ± 6.9 (102.0) | 3 | 0.79 ± 8.3 (120.0) | 3 | 0.17 ± 2.6 (40.0) | 1 |
| Fipronil | 1.17 ± 7.6 (75.0) | 6 | ND | — | 0.76 ± 7.7 (110.0) | 4 | 0.30 ± 3.5 (50.0) | 2 | 0.34 ± 5.2 (80.0) | 1 |
| Butachlor | ND | — |
15.1 ± 154.08 (1760.0) |
2 | ND | — | ND | — | ND | — |
| Methoxychlor | ND | — | ND | — | ND | — | 0.24 ± 2.9 (40.0) | 2 | ND | — |
| Endrin | ND | — | ND | — | 0.24 ± 3.20 (50) | 2 | ND | — | 0.09 ± 1.3 (20.0) | 1 |
ND= Not Detected.